What is the most abundant salt in the sea?

What is the principal source of dissolved substances in the oceans?

Which of the following is NOT a process that decreases the salinity of seawater?

What is the second major source of elements in seawater?

The highest salinity would be found in which of the following areas?

The ocean layer of rapid temperature change with depth is known as the ____.

What is density?

In addition to salinity, what factor affects the density of seawater?

Which of the following is NOT a zone in the three-layered structure of the ocean relating to density?

Which of the following properties most determines water’s vertical position in the ocean?

Where would you find the lowest density seawater?

The energy that drives surface ocean currents comes from ____.

Because of the Coriolis effect, ocean currents in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the ____.

Which force is involved in the development of surface currents?

Ocean currents that move toward the poles are ____.

What is true about an ocean current that is moving toward the equator?

What causes surface ocean currents to be deflected?

The rising of cold water from deeper layers to replace warmer surface water is called ____.

Density currents move ____.

Which gas is most important for understanding atmospheric processes?

Rain, snow, sleet, and hail are all examples of ____.

Water vapor makes up what fraction of atmospheric gases?

Which term describes the conversion of a solid directly to a gas, without passing through the liquid state?

The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called ____.

The process of converting a liquid to a gas is known as ____.

Air that has reached its water-vapor capacity is said to be ____.

What is true about relative humidity?

Which of the following is NOT a process that lifts air?

Orographic lifting is associated with ____.

What is true about stable air?

Which of the following is NOT produced by condensation?

Which term is used to describe clouds of middle height?

Which term means “rainy cloud”?

The force exerted by the weight of the air above is called ____.

In which direction is air pressure exerted?

Who invented the mercury barometer?

Which force generates winds?

Which of the following is NOT a force that influences wind?

In the Figure, the lines on the weather map that connect points of equal pressure are ____.

In the Figure, closely spaced lines indicate ____.

A steep pressure gradient ____.

High-altitude, high-velocity “rivers” of air are called ____.

In the Northern Hemisphere, winds associated with a low-pressure system blow ____.

Centers of low pressure are called ____.

The general movement of low-pressure centers across the United States is from ____.

Seasonal changes in wind direction associated with large landmasses and adjacent water bodies are called ____.

Which surface winds blow between the subtropical high and the equator?

The deserts of the Sahara and Australia are associated with the ____.

Near the equator, rising air is associated with a pressure zone known as the ____.

Valley and mountain breezes are examples of ____.

A sea breeze usually originates during the ____.

A land breeze usually originates during the ____.

When is a sea breeze most intense?

A wind that consistently blows more often from one direction than from any other is called a ____.

Which phenomenon is associated with surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific that are colder than average?

Which two properties characterize an air mass?

What happens to the intensity of solar energy as latitude increases?

Which region is located between 23.5° north and south of the equator?

The rain shadow effect is associated with ____.

The leeward side of a mountain is often ____.

What is the relationship between elevation and climate?

Increased altitude generally causes lower ____.

How would the climate of a coastal city differ from that of a city at the same latitude located farther inland?

Global winds move warm air toward the ____.

Heat and moisture are distributed around Earth by ____.

What do plants release into the air during transpiration?

What two factors are used to classify climate in the Köppen climate classification system?

Which of the following is NOT a principal group in the Köppen system?

Which type of climate has no winters?

According to the Figure, which statement best describes temperature patterns for St. Louis, Missouri?

Another name for a semi-arid climate is ____.

In dry climates, rates of evaporation exceed ____.

Polar climates are characterized by ____.

Which type of climate is characteristic of Antarctica?

Which climate experiences seasonal periods of perpetual night?

In general, how do highland climates compare to nearby areas at lower elevations?

Which of the following may cause long-term changes in climate?

How does volcanic ash in Earth’s atmosphere affect solar radiation?

A very small tilt in Earth’s axis would likely cause ____.

What phenomenon naturally warms Earth’s lower atmosphere and surface?

Which of the following is NOT true of greenhouse gases?

What is the relationship between fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect?

During the twentieth century, Earth’s average surface temperature ____.

Which of the following is NOT a possible consequence of global warming?

When new snow is added to a glacier faster than ice and snow melt, the glacier

If the polar ice caps melted completely,

As deep ocean water becomes colder, it also becomes

Two factors that affect the salinity of ocean water are

Nutrients in ocean water are stored

Which of the following causes gyres to form?

Which of the following factors does NOT control the movement of surface currents?

Deep currents are caused by

Weather map symbols H and L indicate

Which of the following conditions is issued when severe weather has been spotted in a given area?

Which of the following affects the angle at which the sun’s rays hit Earth?

What weather effect results when a moving air mass hits a mountain, rises, cools, and loses most of its moisture through precipitation?

Which of the following moderates temperature and increases rainfall?

The average weather conditions for an area over a long period of time is referred to as the area’s

Which of the following statements describes what happens when the sun heats water and land?

What is the name for the climate of a small area?

The pavement and buildings in cities affect the local climate by

When an air mass encounters a mountain range, the air mass

What do high levels of carbon dioxide in an ice core indicate?

What do fossils of flower pollen and plants with broad leaves indicate?

The tropical desert climate is like the polar icecap climate in that they both feature

Which of the following factors related to Earth’s orbit does NOT affect climate?

Hadley Cells explain that rainforests are found

What causes seasons?

What causes differential heating?

What causes day and night?

What would most likely happen if Earth moved closer to the Sun?

What happens in the Southern Hemisphere when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun?

The average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region are referred to as the region’s

All of the following factors contribute to Earth’s climate EXCEPT

Climate is a global factor that produces

Temperatures on Earth remain within a suitable range for life as we know it because of the

Earth has three main climate zones because of the differences in latitude and, thus,

Which biome is characterized by very low temperatures, little precipitation, and permafrost?

Looking at the picture which season is it in the northern hemisphere?

How does increasing temperature affect density?

Which region is the intermediate zone:

Where are deserts most likely to be on Planet X?

At which location on the map would a rain forest most likely be found?

Oceans cover _____% of the Earth’s surface.

Which kind of pressure system is typical of dry climates?

Which statement best explains why location A has a cooler climate than location B?

Which diagram best illustrates how air rising over a mountain produces precipitation?

Which graph best shows the average annual amounts of precipitation received at different latitudes on Earth?

Compared to the climate at location A, the climate at location B would most likely be

The climate at 90° north latitude is dry because the air at that location is usually

The cross sections below show different patterns of air movement in Earth’s atmosphere. Air temperatures at Earth’s surface are indicated in each cross section. Which cross section shows the most likely pattern of air movement in Earth’s atmosphere that would result from the surface air temperatures shown?

The arrows on the two maps below show how the monsoon winds over India change direction with the seasons.

How do these winds affect India’s weather in summer and winter?

In which cross section do the arrows represent the most probable direction of air movement over land and water surfaces at an ocean coast on a hot, sunny, summer afternoon?

The diagram below represents Earth in space on the first day of a season. Which season is beginning in California on the day represented in the diagram?

Which map best represents the surface wind pattern around Northern Hemisphere high-pressure and low-pressure centers?

The photograph shows Mt. Kilimanjaro, a volcano in Africa, located near the equator. Which climate factor is responsible for the snow seen on Mt. Kilimanjaro?

The map shows a portion of the western United States and Canada. Two cities in Canada, Vancouver and Winnipeg, are labeled on the map. Which graph best represents the average monthly air temperatures for Vancouver and Winnipeg?