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WorksheetsFinal Exam Quiz Social Studies
Total questions: 130
Worksheet time: 1hrs 5mins
The Industrial Revolution is best defines as
a period of rapid growth during which machines became essential to industry.
series of explosive encounters between workers and wealthy factory owners.
time of great excitement about mechanical approaches to controlling Nature.
period of turmoil and upheaval within the U.S government.
How did the water frame revolutionize the production of cloth?
It increased the number of threads the home spinner could work with.
It increased the pace of production in textile mills but made cloth more costly.
It shifted the location of production from homes to textile mills.
It raised the level of quality of home-spun cloth.
Who was Richard Arkwright?
Inventor of the water frame
American mechanic and entrepreneur
Inventor of the spinning jenny
American manufacturer who owned textile mills
Who was the man responsible for bringing new textile machines to the US
Samuel Slater
Moses Brown
Richard Arkwright
James Hargreaves
What was Eli Whitney‘s influence on American manufacturing
He designed a way to produce inexpensive clocks
He served as president Adams secretary of war
He came up with the idea of interchangeable parts
He argued that all manufacturing should be done by hand
What was one argument given by secretary of the treasury Albert Gallatin about why there were so few factories in the US
Urban areas were too messy to attract American workers from rural areas
There was a high availability of farmland in the US
American factory workers were willing to work for low pay
The US could not support industries such as iron production
How did the war of 1812 help American manufacturing
The government build factories to produce needed uniforms and weapons
Tariffs on foreign goods encouraged Americans to buy domestic goods
Foreign goods became too expensive so politicians place tariffs on them
The government boycotted British products that Americans also produced
What did textile manufacturers do to keep the costs of running a mill low
Cut back on the maintenance of machinery
hired children and paid them very little
Trained apprentices in exchange for decades of labor
Fed workers instead of paying wages in cash
The Rhode Island system was Samuel Slatter‘s strategy of
Hiring families of workers and dividing factory work into simple tasks
Paying workers and company store credit and re-investing in cash in the business
Building houses for workers in exchange for the promise of company loyalty
hiring unmarried woman and designing dual purpose factory equipment
What happened to workers in the textile industry as a result of Francis Cabot Lowell's introduction of a new system?
Many mill were laid off because Lowell's power loom did the work of two different types of machine
Investors were hesitant to provide financial support because they did not believe that the power loom would be successful
Male mill workers came to resent female mill workers because Lowell paid women more than he paid men.
More women became mill workers because of the opportunity to earn better wages than most available jobs
For how long would a typical "Lowell girl" stay at the mills?
a decade
four years
one year
nine months
Which statement best describes working conditions at the mills?
Workers were fired after a single absence, forcing replacements to operate machinery they were not properly trained to use.
Each worker was free to chose the time at which the workday began so long as 8 to 10 hours of work a day were completed.
Workers suffered from health problems, such as chronic cough, due to unsafe conditions
Workers were fed three times a day to keep them strong and their health was a top priority of caring managers and investors
What was trade union?
organization of workers who tried to improve pay and working conditions for members
collection of workers who appealed to the courts and police for assistance against employers
group of workers who arrived from poor countries and were willing to work for low pay
alliance of workers who wanted to prevent their employers from competing with other manufacturers.
Who was Sarah G. Bagley?
She set the record for time spent by a Lowell girl in the original Waltham textile mill
She forgot to bring the 10-hour working day of public employees to private business employees
She banned from the labor movement any worker who contracted to work longer hours
She presented a case against child labor to textile mill owners throughout New England
The transportation revolution was a period of
Rebellion against foreign countries use of American shipping lanes
Economic depression brought on by inferior modes of travel
Public disapproval of traditional modes of transit
Rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel
Two new forms of transportation invented during the transportation revolution were the
Steam powered train and the steamboat
Horse drawn rail car and the motor board
Covered wagon and the sailboat
Automobile and the clipper ship
Robert Fulton‘s first full size commercial steamboat was called the
Hudson
Atlantic
Clermont
Ogden
Why was the steamboat well-suited to river travel?
It traveled well upstream
It was helped by the current
It relied on wind power
It was meant to serve as a ferry
Gibbons V. Ogden was a supreme court case about which of the following?
Interstate trade
States rights
Travel license
Monopolies
What was the Tom thumb and why was it significant
It was a sewing machine that prevented house wives from pricking their fingers
It was a steamboat that brought thousands of settlers upriver to the Ohio Valley
It was a ferry that was the first to transport commuters across the Hudson river
It was a locomotive that was credited with bringing railroad fever to the US
What challenges did engineers and mechanics face while building railroads?
The American public was not interested in railroads
The railroads had to pass through mountains and rivers
Locomotives usually broke down before arriving at their destinations
Engineers did not have the necessary materials to build railroads
Steel is made through a process called smelting, which means
Cutting down and removing trees on a large scale
Making deep gashes in the earth to remove coal
Linking cities to each other via rail roads
Heating iron ore two very high temperatures
The telegraph was significant because it
Enabled people to send news quickly from coast to coast
Led to the invention of the railroad system
Benefited from the work of international scientists
Made its inventor a very wealthy and famous men
What communication system, featuring different combinations of dots and dashes to represent letters, was developed by Alfred Lewis Vail?
The Vail system
Telegraph method
Morse code
Dot language
How did technological developments during the industrial revolution enable people to build factories almost anywhere?
Trains could bring raw materials to and ship finished goods from virtually any area worth living in
The shift to steam power meant factories no longer had to be built near streams, rivers, or waterfalls
Trains and steamboats spread the population out so that any factory had a ready supply of workers
The invention of the telegraph put factory managers and their city-based investors with in easy reach
In the mid-1800s, most of America’s industry was located in the
North east
South
West
Midwest
Why did companies build their factories closer to cities and transportation centers in the mid-1800s?
It allowed business to increase wages
It made shipping more expensive
It caused people to move from cities to rural areas
It provided easier access to workers
John Deere came up with the idea for a
Iron plow
Steel plow
Wood plow
Steam powered plow
The mechanical reaper, a machine that quickly cuts down wheat, was invented by
Cyrus McCormick
John Deere
Eli Whitney
Samuel Morse
By 1860, Isaac singers company was the worlds largest maker of
Clocks
Iceboxes
Safety pins
Sewing machines
Invented the water frame
Richard Arkwright
Samuel FB Morse
Aaron Ogden
Samuel Slater
Designed a power loom that could spin thread and weave cloth in the same mill
Aaron Ogden
Sarah G Bagley
Francis Cabot Lowell
Cyrus McCormick
Designer of the steamboat Clermont
Richard Arkwright
Peter Cooper
Samuel Slater
Robert Fulton
Flight to obtain a 10 hour workday for private businesses
Sarah G Bagley
Eli Whitney
Cyrus McCormick
Samuel Slater
Developed the mechanical reaper, a harvesting machine, in 1831
Peter Cooper
Aaron Ogden
Cyrus McCormick
Francis Cabot Lowell
Developed a strategy of hiring families and dividing work into simple tasks, known as the Rhode Island system
Samuel slater
Aaron Ogden
Eli Whitney
Peter Cooper
Once had a monopoly on New York’s steamboat business
Cyrus McCormick
Robert Fulton
Aaron Ogden
Eli Whitney
Came up with the idea of interchangeable parts
Peter Cooper
Richard Arkwright
Eli Whitney
Samuel FB Morse
Designed the telegraph
Aaron Ogden
Samuel Slater
Richard Arkwright
Samuel FB Morse
Built the small but powerful Tom Thumb in 1830
Peter Cooper
Eli Whitney
Robert Fulton
Cyrus McCormick
Why did the value of slaves drop in the south following the American revolution?
Crop prices fell and the demand for slaves decreased
Slaves launched rebellions throughout the south
Slaves begin to escape to the north
The practice of slavery became unpopular in the south
How did Eli Whitney‘s original cotton gin work?
Horses drew the machine through Green seed cotton fields to harvest seedless fibers
Cotton was put into the machine, which seeded, baled, and tied the fibers with hemp
A worker cranked the machine and “teeth” separated the green seeds from cotton fibers
A steam engine powered the machine, which removed seeds from long stable Cotton
What was the cotton belt
An area stretching from South Carolina to Texas that grew most of the countries, cotton crop
The southern region east of the Mississippi that produced two-thirds of the cotton grown in the US
Fields in Mexico where agriculture scientists worked to crossbreed short stable cotton with Mexican cotton
A long stretch of land in the south where short stable cotton crops were wiped out by disease in the 1830s
What does crop rotation involve?
Cross breeding short stable Cotton with other varieties to maximize quality
Raking fertilizer into the ground around the roots of young plants to mix air and nutrients into the soil
Changing the type of plant grown on a given plot each year in order to protect the land from mineral loss
Turning the soil over after a harvest to prevent insects from spending the winter underground and investing in the next season’s plants
Tredegar Iron Works was a
Northern company that specializes in turning iron into steel by heating it
Northern mine that provided Coal to manufactures of iron products
Southern factory that turned iron into useful products for industry and the military
Southern manufacturing plant that produced locomotives for the government
What was the main problem with the production of tobacco before the 1840s?
Tobacco took a long time to grow
Tobacco was illegal in many states
Tobacco could be grown only in the north
Tobacco needed to be dried before shipping
In the first half of the 1800s, what portion of white southern families had slaves?
One-third
One-half
Two-Thirds
Three-quarters
A Yeoman was a
White owner of a small farm
Established plantation owner
Freed southern slave
Northern slaves sold to a southerner
What was one duty of a planters wife?
Sowing and raising crops
Organizing the slaves on the plantations
Teaching slaves how to read
Supervising slaves within the household
Wealthy white southerners used religion to justify the institution of slavery the arguing that
God created some people to rule over others
God selected whites as his chosen people
Slavery was right because it was practiced in the Bible
Slavery taught savages to bow to a higher authority
Which statement about free African-Americans in the 1860s is true?
Some of them were descendants of refugees from the Haitian Revolution
All of them moved to free states in the north after gaining their freedom
Many of them joined labor unions to help them bargain for higher wages
None of them had been willingly set free by their slaveholders
Why did many southern cities and states pass laws to limit the rights of freed slaves?
State governments wanted to teach the lesson that freedom brings responsibility
Southern citizens feared freed slaves would try to encourage slave rebellions
White churches were losing members to the independent church movement
Lawmakers felt freed slaves and not earn the benefits of citizenship
What advantages did skilled slaves have over unskilled slaves?
Working shorter hours
Moving from plantation to plantation
Living in their owners house
Earning money to buy their freedom
How did most planters encourage slave obedience?
By offering rewards of better food, clothing, and shelter
Through physical punishment
By withholding payment for work completed
Through incentives such as education
What were slave codes?
Strict state laws that controlled the actions of slaves
Secret language slaves used to communicate
A set of rules for slave behavior set by a council of planters
The policy of slaves to always help one another
What were spiritual’s?
Rebellions led by slaves
Stories with lessons about slavery
Places were slaves went to worship
Emotional Christian songs sung by slaves
In what ways did slaves rebel against long working hours?
They slowed down their work in the fields
They hid their masters whips and chains
They prayed for God to teach masters the virtue of equal treatment
They stole books from their masters and taught themselves to read
What was the effect of Nat Turner’s rebellion of 1831?
Slave codes were toughened
Slaves lost their right to a fair trial
Terrified slaveholders freed the slaves
Slaves obtained better working conditions
Net turner lead a group of slaves to kill slaveholders because he
Watched his father die as a result of a beating by his master
Believe he was on a mission from God to free the slaves
Was inspired by the success of other violent slave revolts
Had tried and failed at non-violent methods of resistance
What happened to Nat turner after the rebellion he started in 1831?
Escape to the north
He was sentenced to death
He was imprisoned for life
He was killed by a slaveholder
Large scale southern farmers who owned more than 20 slaves
Factors
Yeomen
Planters
Slave codes
One of the most productive industrial factories of the south in the 1800s
Tredegar Ironworks
Gang labor system
Cotton belt
Crop rotation
Emotional Christian songs sung by slaves
Folktales
Factors
Slave codes
Spirituals
Southern owners of small farms with few slaves
Nat Turner
Eli Whitney
Yeomen
Planters
Planted the Cotton gin in 1793
Nat Turner
Eli Whitney
Planters
Tredegar iron works
Planting a different crop on the same plot every few years
Planters
Crop rotation
Gang labor system
Spirituals
Slave whose violent rebellion led many states to strengthen and their slave codes
Eli Whitney
Tredegar iron works
Nat Turner
George Washington
Area of high cotton production in the south
Cotton belt
Crop rotation
Slave codes
Factors
Crop brokers who managed the trading of cotton
Planters
Slave codes
Yeomen
Factors
Used the labor of all field hands on the same task at the same time
Spirituals
Gang labor system
Planters
Factors
What led to the flood of Irish immigrants entering the US in the mid-1840s?
Potato blight
Unsafe working conditions
Religious persecution
Violent revolution
What did the know nothing party support?
One year residency period before immigrants could gain US citizenship
Border patrol to keep sick foreigners from bringing diseases into the country
Immigration restrictions to protect the jobs and culture of native born Americans
Education for immigrants who wanted to be involved in the political process
The term middle class refers to the
Social and economic level between the wealthy and the poor
Educational rank reformers assigned to intermediate schools
Factory standard used for goods of average cost and quality
Political term for citizens who vote for moderate candidates
In the mid-1800s, which city dwellers most commonly lived in tenements?
Skilled workers
Immigrants
Sanitation workers
Farmers
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau were all
Romantic artists
Social reformers
Religious revivalists
Transcendentalist thinkers
The writings of transcendentalist thinkers often touched upon which theme?
Self reliance
Devotion
Charity
Revolution
In late 18th century America, the second great awakening was a period of
Rebirth the led to the development of a culture centered on education
Christian renewal that begin in the northeastern US
Reform that focused on improving the quality of life of the poor
American revival that brought back pre-revolutionary war traditions
The temperance movement was a
Faith based initiative to restrict the use of alcohol to religious ceremonies
Commercial bid to ban the manufacture of hard liquor and beer by private sellers
Scientific study of the side affects of daily alcohol consumption on adult males
Reform effort to urge people to use self discipline to stop drinking hard liquor
What did reformer Dorthea Dix do to contribute to the prison reform movement in the early 1800s?
Spoke of the horrid conditions of prisons and inspired the building of separate facilities for the mentally ill
Founded an organization of woman that worked together to provide education for imprisoned criminals
Organized many protests and hopes of motivating the government to build separate facilities for child offenders
Brought America’s attention to the need for prison reform by writing novels and detailing the condition of prisons
Which of these contributions did Horace Mann make to the education reform movement in the 19th century?
He developed new ways of instructing students with handicaps
He fought for improvements to the education of women
He extended the length of the school year
He was responsible for the integration of public schools
Why were many African American schools established in Philadelphia in the mid-1800s?
Of all northern U.S. cities, Philadelphia had the largest African American population.
As a center of Quaker influence, Philadelphia strongly supported the education of African American children.
Laws in other northern cities barred freed African Americans from receiving any kind of education.
Philadelphia's citizens believed that establishing African American schools would help the abolitionist cause
To spread the abolitionist message throughout the US in the mid-1800s William Lloyd Garrison
Published in the anti-slavery newspaper called the liberator
Wrote many novels and poems about the injustices of slavery
Traveled around the country giving lectures about the evils of slavery
Founded the American colonization Society to help slaves obtain freedom
What was Angelina and Sarah Graham keys contribution to the abolitionist movement?
Founding the African colony Liberia and leading many slaves to safety there
Representing the quaker viewpoint, which challenged slavery on religious grounds
Providing jobs and financial support to many fugitive slaves living in the north
Writing to attract other white southern woman to the effort to abolish slavery
What was the goal of the American anti-slavery society?
Provision of economic assistance for free African-Americans
Relocation of all southern slaves to Freeland in the north
Punishment for the inhumane treatment of slaves by slaveholders
Immediate emancipation and racial equality for African-Americans
What contribution did Harriet Tubman make to the anti-slavery movement
As a conductor on the underground railroad, she led many fugitive slaves to freedom
She lectured members of the American anti-slavery society about the evils of slavery
As the founder of the southern anti slavery group, she helped stage many peaceful slaves strikes
She wrote many essays persuading southern slaveholders to join the abolition movement
What did Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth have in common?
They had each learned to read and write as children, despite laws against it
The anti-slavery society invited each of them to give regular lectures
They were both former slaves who contributed to the abolitionist cause
The autobiography was their chosen from for exposing the injustices of slavery
What did the federal government do to block the abolition movements progress between 1836 and 1844?
Impeached four antislavery Northerners in the Senate in order to send a message
Opened secret investigations into the private lives of anti-slavery leaders
Indicted all members and associates of the anti-slavery society for treason
Issued a gag rule preventing the Congress from discussing anti-slavery petitions
What right did Susan B Anthony win for woman in New York in 1860?
Control by married woman of their own wages and property
Participation by woman in the voting and election process
Interrogation of women at all public conventions and events
Opportunity for all woman to hold even the highest public office
The Seneca Falls convention in 1848 was significant because it
Forced the government to discuss petitions against slavery
Mark the start of the organized woman’s right movement
Granted women the right to participate in the voting process
Revealed the need for temperance and educational reforms
The Seneca Falls declaration of sentiments was modeled on the
Declaration of independence(US, 1776)
Declaration of the rights of woman and the female Citizen (France,1781)
Declaration of the rights of man and of the Citizen (France,1789)
Declaration of the rights of woman (US, 1876)
Poorly designed apartment buildings that were home to large numbers of people
tenements
utopian communities
transcendentalism
Underground Railroad
Escaped slave who succeeded in leading over 300 slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad
Walt Whitman
Frederick Douglas
Harriet Tubman
Catharine Beecher
First public meeting about women's rights held in the US
Seneca Falls Convention
transcendentalism
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Romanticism
Educational reformer who began the first all-female school in Connecticut
Walt Whitman
Horace Mann
Frederick Douglas
Catharine Beecher
Escaped slave whose autobiographies intended to expose the injustices of slavery
Harriet Tubman
Catharine Beecher
Frederick Douglas
Walt Whitman
Organization designed to help fugitive slaves escape to the North
transcendentalism
Underground Railroad
Seneca Falls Convention
Utopian Communities
Philosophical movement stating that people should rise above material things in life
transcendentalism
Romanticism
Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Groups of people who joined together try to form perfect societies
tenements
Seneca Falls Convention
utopian communities
Romanticism
Woman’s right activist who is one of the organizers of the Seneca Falls convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Seneca Falls convention
Harriet Tubman
Transcendentalism
Romantic poet who praised American individualism and democracy
Frederick Douglass
Walt Whitman
Horace Mann
Harriet Tubman
The Wilmot Proviso was an idea proposed to Congress to
Prohibit slavery in all parts of the Mexican cession
Reinstate slavery in the northern states
Allow slaves to be counted in the population of a state
Increase and improve the rights given to slaves
The Wilmot proviso spurred a debate that showed growing sectionalism, which refers to
Attempts to outline electoral districts based on a religion
Taking advantage of loopholes in state and federal laws
Paying attention to just one part of a problem
Favoring the interests of a region over those of the country
How did the idea of popular Sovereignty affect slavery in the US
Slavery would not be permitted in unofficial states
States or territories would decide whether to permit slavery
Slavery would not be permitted anywhere in the country
The federal government would have the last word on slavery
What was senators henry Clay’s contribution in the compromise of 1850?
Calling for the end of slavery in the southern states
Proposing a ban of slavery in the Mexican cession
Asking that the slave states be able to secede from the union
Proposing that California enter the union as a free state
What was the position of South Carolina Senator John C Calhoun in the debate for the compromise of 1850?
Slave states should separate peacefully from the union
Slavery should end in the nations capital
The federal government should ban the slave trade
California should enter the union as a free state
Most Northerners opposed the fugitive slave act because it
Endangered their way of life since a large number of fugitive slaves lived in the north
Encouraged slaves to resort to rebellion and violence to protest the new law
Gave commissioners too much power and should have allowed slaves the right to jury trials
Ended the progress that the anti-slavery movement had made in the south
Which of the following statements about the fugitive slave act is true?
The law permitted fugitives to testify on their own behalf
People who helped runaways often served as a defense witness
Commissioners benefited from returning slaves to slaveholders
Enforcement of the law began 10 years after it was passed
Harriet Beecher Stowe‘s uncle Tom’s cabin is a
Novel
Autobiography
Journalistic account
Political pamphlet
What did Harriet Beecher Stowe do to influence the debate over slavery?
Pushed for the start of the Civil War
Exposed the harsh reality of slave life
Accused the federal government of obeying the southern states
Attacked political figures who supported slavery in the south
Introduced in 1854, the Kansas Nebraska act
Maintained the balance of slave and free states in the union
Divided the Louisiana purchase into two territories
Let the federal government decide on slavery in the Louisiana purchase
Reinforced the restrictions placed on slavery by the Missouri compromise
The Kansas Nebraska act led to the
Prohibition of the practice of slavery in the territories
Return of the slavery issue between the north and the south
Reinforcement of ideas introduced in the Missouri compromise
Declaration of the fugitive slave act as unconstitutional
Which of these was a result of the Pottawatomie massacre?
Kansas citizens began a mass migration to northern states
Kansas collapsed into a Civil War and many citizens were killed
Kansas government was no longer divided over the issue of slavery
Kansas was declared a free state by the federal government
The supreme courts ruling in dread Scott V. Stanford established that
Slaves were not allowed to accuse slaveholders
The Missouri compromises restriction on slavery was unconstitutional
Establishing a residence on free soil makes a slave free
Congress had the legal power to ban slavery in federal territories
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney argued in 1857 that congress could not prohibit someone from taking slaves into a federal territory because
Slaves were not citizens of the US
Federal territories cannot rule against slavery
Slave trade was still allowed in every state
Slaves were property, and property was defended by law
The purpose of the Lincoln Douglas debates was for Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas to
Announce their candidacies for senator of Illinois and gain the support of voters
Spread the importance of the anti-slavery movement to the state of Illinois
Gain supporters for the newly formed Republican Party in the US
Fight for the rights of African-American slaves in the US
In leading an armed resistance in Virginia in 1859 John brown was attempting to
Steel weapons and bring them to local slaves
Fight the work of anti-slavery supporters in Virginia
Control the slaves that had escaped in Virginia
Show his anger over the Dred Scott decision
Why was John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry a failure?
His supporters did not follow his plan
He did not have enough supporters for his cause
His men turned on him before the rain begin
He was met with resistance from slaves in Virginia
What was the significance of the election of 1860?
It brought to light the divisions that existed in the US over slavery
It Exposed the corruption of the electrical college in the election process
It showed that the south was losing its political power in the nation
It illustrated that a candidate did not have to carry a state to win
Which of the following statements best expresses the reason why Democratic Party was not a strong force in the election of 1860?
Many members of the Democratic Party decided to vote for a Republican candidate
The Democrats were a relatively new political party and had not yet gained enough support
Many Southerners in the Democratic Party became abolitionists and supported other parties
The Democrats could not agree on a single candidate so their votes were divided between two candidates
When Lincoln was elected in 1860, he stated that the government would
Make the needs of the south it’s priority
Not start a war with the southern states
Not ban slavery in the south
Compromise about the extension of slavery
Mississippi native elected president of the Confederacy
Stephen Douglas
Jefferson Davis
Franklin Pierce
Freeport doctrine
Violet response by Atlantis tennis to the Sack of Lawrence
Franklin Pierce
Fugitive slave act
John Brown’s raid
Pottawatomie Massacre
Rebellion staged by a group of abolitionists at Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Free soil party
Fugitive slave act
Stephen Douglas
John Brown’s raid
Document that stated that slavery could not exist in any part of the Mexican cession
Wilmot Proviso
Jefferson Davis
Free soil party
Franklin Pierce
US senator from Illinois who proposed the Kansas Nebraska act
Freeport doctrine
Secession
Stephen Douglas
Wilmot proviso
Act of formally withdrawing from the union
Freeport doctrine
Wilmot proviso
Jefferson Davis
Secession
Idea that political power belongs to the people
Freeport doctrine
Secession
Franklin Pierce
Jefferson Davis
Political group formed by antislavery Northerners who supported the Wilmot proviso
Franklin Pierce
Free soil party
Secession
Freeport doctrine
Democratic candidate in the election of 1852 who promised to honor the compromise of 1850
Stephen Douglas
Freeport doctrine
Franklin Pierce
John Brown’s raid
Law that made it a crime to assist runaway slaves
Fugitive slave act
Free soil party
Pottawatomie massacre
Freeport doctrine
