Which process does the kidney use to regulate blood glucose level?

Muscles breakdown from working out, sometimes causing DOMS. This releases what into the blood to be filtered out in urine?

The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space, which means they are ________ to the peritoneal cavity?

Which layer is continuous with the ureters?

This portion of the kidney contains all the LOHs and contains 8-18 papilla.

Each kidney contains 2-3 of these large collecting chambers. What are they?

Each kidney contains 2-3 of these large collecting chambers. What are they?

The kidneys need a strong blood supply and fat for protection, this is housed where?

How much blood flows through the kidneys per minute?

The radial artery flows into the _________.

15% of nephrons reach deep into the medulla. These nephrons contain a specialized capillary system known as

Specialized cells containing pedicels are found where in the nephron?

Which arteriole is more capable of vasoconstriction?

Which tubule has a specialized structure to help increase absorption and secretion?

Which tubule layer is made of simple squamous cells?

The thick part of the LOH is part of the ascending or descending portion?

If solutes are pushed into the blood in the ascending LOH, this would describes which concept?

A person creates 150-180 L of filtrate a day. How much urine is produced from that filtrate?

The glomerulus capillaries have a filtration membrane that prevents blood cells from passing into the bowman’s capsule. The endothelial cells would be known as ________.

Net filtration involves different types of pressure. Which type has pressure in the capillaries pushing outward into the capillary space?

What is you net filtration if you are given, BCOP= 30mmHg, CHP= 15mmHg, and GHBP= 30mmHg? Does filtration occur?

What is the average GFR in the average adult?

Exercise can increase blood pressure thus reducing GFR. Which neural regulation would cause a reduction in GFR?

Which specialized cell in the JGA detects changes in NaCl concentration in the filtrate?

When GFR increases and Na, Cl, and H2O reabsorption decreases, it causes the renal system to inhibit NO. This would be what type of renal regulation?

Which hormone comes from the atria and relaxes mesangial cells to increase GFR?

Paracellular reabsorption accounts for 50% of reabsorption. What type of transport does it use?

Aquaporin-1 helps osmosis to obligatory water regulation to occur in what part of the tubule system?

Facultative water reabsorption is regulated by ADH to reabsorb what percentage of H2O?

CO2 moves into the cell and combines with what to create H2CO3?

In the reabsorption of Bicarb, we also secrete a _____ and reabsorb a ________.

In the PCT, the movement of Na into the blood, causes Cl to follow suit. This causes an osmotic imbalance which can cause a solvent drag. Which ion is apart of the solvent drag?

The Parathyroid Hormone stimulates calcitriol in which tubular cells?

What reabsorption of solutes in the ascending LOH causes what to happen to the descending LOH?

ADH affects which type of cells in the DCT and CD?

ADH causes an osmotic imbalance in the distal CD. This forces urea to reabsorb and recycled back to which tubular area?

In the presence of ADH the urine is concentrated due to?

If you are in a hyperkalemia state, the principal cells can be influenced by which hormone to reabsorb which ion?

When angiotensin I reaches the lungs it is converted to Angiotensin II via which enzyme?

RAAS can stimulate the release of which hormone from the adrenal cortex to increase blood volume?

If you had a protein shake your pH level would be closer to 4.6. What is the average pH of urine?

Urea comes from the breakdown of what?

Serum can be tested in 2 ways for kidney function. Which one is normal from 7-20mg/dL?

The renal plasma clearance for a drug like penicillin after one dose is?

Which layer of the ureter causes peristalsis?

Which is an extension of the detrusor muscle?

What holds the bladder in place?

What reflex causes the sensation of needing to urinate?

The involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle causes what to open?

Aging sucks, it causes 33% decrease in kidney mass and 50% decrease in renal blood flow. This is due to what issue?

When looking at the LOH ascending limb, which portion uses ATP to reabsorb solutes?

What is labeled B?

What is labeled E?

What is labeled E?