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WorksheetsAlterations Of Cellular Function, Adaptation, and Genetics
Total questions: 55
Worksheet time: 31mins
What components are found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell? Select all that apply
Golgi Apparatus
RNA
DNA
enzymes required for replication and transcription
organic molecules
What cellular structure is important for regulating growth and proliferation?
Ribosomes
plasma membrane
ATP
The Golgi Apparatus
essential oils
Which organelles are responsible for protein synthesis and packaging? Select all that apply
The Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Plasma Membrane
RNA
A disease that targets the peroxisomes would have difficulty performing which cellular duty? Select all that apply
Protein synthesis and packaging
Inability to perform apoptosis
inability to produce bile acids in the liver
inability to perform oxidation reactions
A dysfunction with the mitochondria might affect the cell's ability to do: Select all that apply
regulate apoptosis
perform aerobic respiration
packaging proteins and sending them out of the cell
regulating the production of ATP
How many ATP are created from 2 molecules of glucose in anaerobic respiration?
2
4
36
72
How many ATP molecules are made for 1 glucose molecule undergoing cellular respiration in aerobic conditions?
approximately 36
approximately 20
approximately who cares
approximately 129
How many ATP are made before the ETC (assuming the cell is under aerobic conditions) for one glucose molecule?
4 ATP
2 ATP
32 ATP
A cell that uses a G protein linked receptor to make a cellular response, which of the following is incorrect? Select all that apply
The cell would need a amplifier enzyme to stimulate a secondary response
The cell would need an extracellular hormone to stimulate the G protein linked receptor
The cell would need an intracellular hormone to stimulate the G protein
The cell will likely use a second messenger system to amplify the response
Which cell communication uses rapid signaling that is used by muscle cells and nerve impulses?
G protein-linked receptors
Ion channel linked receptors
911
Intracellular receptors
What are the three mechanisms of membrane transport? Select all that apply
diffusion
osmosis
active transport
vesicular transport
MARTA
Diffusion is a passive process. What helps determine the rate of diffusion? Select all that apply.
Relative concentrations of the solutes on either side of the membrane
the amount of ATP in circulation
the amount of ADP in circulation
True or false: Facilitated diffusion involves passing or a molecule through a transporter against their concentration gradient
True
False
Tralse
Depends
True or false: Water moves from an area of lower concentration solutes to a higher concentration of solutes
True
False
In order to have membrane potential what is needed? Select all that apply:
Different concentrations of ions across the membrane
permeability to the ion
semipermeable membrane
resting potential
At resting membrane potential, which ion is more permeable across the plasma membrane?
potassium
sodium
ATP
During a action potential, what ion is the plasma membrane more permeable to?
sodium
potassium
What is the Nernst potential? Select all that apply
is discussed in context with membrane potentials
is discussed in context with the electron transport chain
determined by the ratio of the concentration of a specific ion on the two sides of the membrane
determined by the ratio of the concentration of water on two sides of the membrane
What are characteristics of the Na/K pump? Select all that apply
moves sodium from inside the cell to the extracellular region where the concentration of sodium is greater
moves potassium from outside the cell to inside the cell where it's concentration is greater
is a form of secondary active transport
is a form of primary active transport
moves potassium from inside the cell to outside the cell where it's concentration is greater
How does water get into the cell?
aquaporins
through the plasma membrane without assistance
through a secondary transporter
What are the four categories of the tissues?
epithelial, cardiac, nervous, areolar
adipose, connective, muscle, epithelial
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Puffs ultra soft and strong, kleenex lotion with aloe infusion, Walmart brand, Target brand
A client has suffered nerve damage in his right arm. What can the nurse expect to happen to muscles in his arm?
Increase in size (hypertrophy) as the cells adapt to change
Decrease in the size of the cells (atrophy)
Stay the same
Increase their proliferation cycle to revert cells back to original form
True or false: The afferent neuron carries sensory information from the stimulus to the CNS and the efferent neuron carry information away from the CNS and is involved in receptory information from the external environment
True
False
Tralse
What is the function of epithelial tissue? Select all that apply
filtration
protection
insulating
conduction of electricity
What is neuroglia? Select all that apply:
Astrocytes, neurons, microglia, ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes, afferent neurons, astrocytes
cells that support the neurons, form myelin, and have tropic/phagocytic response
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells
What cells myelinate the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
What are the types of cell junctions? Select all that apply
Continuous tight junction
Adhering junction
Gap junction
conjunction junction what's your function
spaghetti junction
True or false: The cell junctions are important in governing the shape of the body, transmitting mechanical stress from one cell to another, and creating pathways for communication
True
False
What cellular junction is important in connecting cytoplasms of cells to maintain cell to cell conduction, and where would this be important to have?
adhering junction; the heart
adhering junction; the neurons
continuous tight junction; the smooth muscles of the intestines
gap junction; the heart
If a client has been fitted for a cast to the right arm, what can you expect the cellular adaptation would result from?
atrophy
physiologic atrophy
disuse hypertrophy
compensatory hypertrophy
hypertrophy
Competitive athletes might have enlarged hearts as a result of which cellular adaptation?
compensatory hypertrophy
physiologic hypertrophy
adaptive hypertrophy
pathological hypertrophy
What is an example of compensatory hypertrophy?
kidney transplant leaving the donor with one good kidney
increased workout routine overtime leading to increased heart size
myocardial hypertrophy fro valvular heart disease
regeneration of a liver after surgery
What cellular adaptations allows stressed tissues to survive or maintain function? Select all that apply
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Atrophy
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
What is an example of hormonal hyperplasia?
A patient who has cervical dysplasia confirmed through a pap test
A patient who recently donated their liver and their liver is slowly starting to regrow
A pregnant woman who has increased breast size and uterine tissue growth
A patient who use to have ciliated columnar cells in their esophagus but due to smoking has altered the cells but still able to function
What is an example of dysplasia?
A smoker who has had changes to the cells in their airway
A patient who tests positive for cervical dysplasia through a pap test
A patient who has been diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia
If a cell is under stressed, what types of intracellular accumulations might occur? Select all that apply:
build up of lipids, proteins, and pigments which are all considered abnormal body substances
abnormal exogenous substances such as tattoo ink and pigments
abnormal endogenous substances such as metabolic products consisting of glycogen and lipids
What are examples of agents that can lead to cell injury. Select all that apply
electricity
radiation
using sunscreen
nutritional imbalances
drinking excess tequila and doing "OTC" drugs to cope for this exam
What happens in the state of oxygen depletion? Select all that apply
The cell would continue to make 32 ATP per 1 molecule of glucose
The cell would have increased build up of lactic acid
Decreased activity of the Na/K pump
Decrease glycogen storage available
What does ROS stand for in pathophysiology? (More than three potential answers could be applied but chose the most correct one)
Review of Systems
Reactive Oxygen Species
Rhinos on Steroids
Release of Students
What is true about reactive oxygen species? Select all that apply
They can decrease the amount of ATP being made in the ETC by attacking pyruvate at the end of glycolysis
They are reactive and unstable
They destroy the lipid molecules in the cell membranes which can potentially destroy membrane permeability and potentially nucleic acids in the cell
The Golgi Apparatus is responsible for helping decrease and stabilize the ROS along with peroxisomes
ROS are naturally generated but are usually balanced by an antioxidant system
An example of an exogenous antioxidant system would be: Select all that apply
blueberries
superoxide dismutase
tequila
peroxisomes
strawberries
What is one clinical manifestation of hypoxia leading to ATP depletion or "power failure"
Na/K pump activity declining
edema
sepsis
death, RIP
True or false: Cells usually maintain low cytosolic calcium
True
False
If a cell is injured, what are the potential cascade of effects that can occur? Select all that apply:
a cell's injury can be reversed if remove insult in timely fashion
apoptosis
necrosis
cell swelling
programmed cell removal
The signal of the death domain in apoptosis is known as what pathway?
The intrinsic pathway
The star wars pathway
The extrinsic pathway
The AMSN pathway
What is the clinical presentation of dry gangrene
A non-diabetic patient who lacks arterial blood flow but allows venous return that will carry fluid out of the tissue which will present as dry, shrinks, skin wrinkles
A diabetic patient who lacks venous flow thus allowing the fluids to accumulate in the tissue which leads to cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black, malodorous odor
A patient who has a clostridium infection
Why do cells change with age? Select all that apply
Telomeres are shortening thus increasing cell genome disruption
glycation
Point mutations
DNA damage
What is a gene?
A sequence of RNA that contains the instructions for making a enzyme
Sequence of DNA nucleotide sequences that contain the instructions to make a protein
Made of denim
True or false: Repression turns a gene off and induction regulates the "off" switch of the gene
True
False
An example of epigenetics would be: Select all that apply
environmental factors
change in DNA sequence
DNA methylation
Histone modification
True or false: All cells have all the same genes but only certain genes are turned on
True
False
True or false: If you have only one copy of the gene you are considered heterozygous
True
False
I hate genetics
What is a locus?
a flower
a pest
a position on a chromosome to represent a protein
a position of a gene on a chromosome
What is not true of gene interactions?
many genes could affect one trait known as polygenic
two genes together might create a new phenotype known as complementary
one gene could mask the effect of another known as epistasis
the ability of gene to express its function is known as penetrance
the degree of phenotype expression is known as expressivity
The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Pathway is an example of:
Homeostasis
Allostasis
