The structure indicated by the circle most likely (select all that apply):

The peak of this smooth muscle action potential is most likely due to:

Which of the following changes will most likely inhibit smooth muscle relaxation?

A young female presents with significant bone loss around her teeth, but you note a lack of inflammation. The pictured culture is grown. What is the most likely pathogen associated with her presentation?

Which of the following is generally incompatible with life?

Absence of which of the following would most impair the digestion of alpha1,6 bonds?

Within the first 48 hours of starvation, which of the following serves as the main fuel source?

Which of the following does not reflect the MAIN functions of TLR signaling in the GI tract?

Which of the following is the most abundant source of dietary fat?

Patient presents with painless, mobile mass on their parotid gland. You slice it open and observe the pictured finding. What is most likely concerning this mass?

In protein digestion, which of the following is active first?

Elderly patient with recent history of pneumonia presents with punched out ulcerations in the esophagus and the pictured findings. You would most expect:

Deficiency of which of the following would most likely impair the activity of glutathione peroxidase?

Which of the following cells is most responsible for stimulating secretion of pancreatic enzymes?

Which of the following is not a typical level of narrowing associated with foreign body obstruction?T

Male pt presents with the complain of severe chest pain. On auscultation, you note a rasping sound synchronous with his heart beat over the precordium. The pt's condition is most likely associated with:

An elderly male patient is complaining of persistent cough, keeps regurgitating his meds, and has a feeling "like a lump in his throat." You note that his voice is hoarse and his breath is awful. What is most likely?

While traveling the Oregon Trail, Terry experiences fever, cramps, and tenesmus. He violently covers the entire wagon in bloody stool, teeming with PMNs. If you had modern tools, what would you discover?

You obtain the pictured findings from a pt complaining of watery diarrhea. The patient notes that he was recently treated for a UTI. What is true regarding the likely pathogen?

You cultured a pathogen on MacConkey agar and found pink colonies. The picture results also occurred on SS agar. What is true regarding the likely pathogen?

18mo old presents w/ vomiting, fever, diarrhea, and shows signs of severe dehydration. What else is true regarding this strain of E. coli?

The pictured finding (pt sample on the right) came from a patient with diarrhea after eating a large amount of chicken. What is true regarding the causative agent?

Which of the following endotoxins does not produce diarrhea on its own?

Which of the following is associated with severe burns?

Pt presents with nausea and upper abdominal discomfort. You perform a urea breath test and it is positive. Where did this biopsy most likely come from?

Middle aged male pt presents with complaints of epigastric burning sensation. He has a history of renal disease and mentions that he has gained 5lbs this month because eating seems to help his pain. What is most likely?

You are treating a pt with a history of heart disease for peptic ulcer disease and he begins complaining of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and yellowed vision. What side effects are associated with the drug you gave him for PUD?

Pt has begun a new drug regimen and calls you complaining about dizziness and headache. She seems very confused and keeps yelling about the milk. THE MILK! What did you give this patient?

You are treating a pt with an H. pylori infection that was unresponsive to the first line therapy. What do now?

Pt with type A blood that has a steady diet of smoked foods comes in for a gastric biopsy. Based on the pictured finding, what do you think?

The pictured neoplasm is most likely associated with:

This biopsy was taken from a mass found in the proximal duodenum of a patient with symptoms similar to peptic ulcer disease, biliary obstruction, and abdominal pain. The tumor most likely secretes:

You are treating a pt on chemotherapy for N/V with dolasetron. What drug could you add to this to enhance is efficacy?

Pregnant pt w/ N/V in the 1st trimester. Blood work is negative for ketosis and she reports no significant weight changes. Which treatment would present the greatest risk?

You are treating a pt with diarrhea using ciprofloxacin. They complain of recent nausea, so why not toss a few more drugs at them? You include odansetron and dexamethasone. What DDI is most concerning?

Which of the following is the GOLD standard for assessing body fat and lean body mass?

Which of the following is true regarding Kwashiokor vs Marasmus?

What is the minimum daily protein intake?

Pt w/ N/V and diarrhea. He said that he's been eating lots of salad to lose weight lately. The cultures show off-white colonies on MacConkey agar and black colonies on SS agar. What else is true about this pathogen?

Pt w/ blurred vision and droopy eyelids. You have the pictured findings. What is true about this organism?

Pt w/ watery diarrhea and abdominal pain. She mentions having leftover fried rice for breakfast. How does the enterotoxin from the most likely pathogen function?

You work in a geriatric ward and a patient has recently developed diarrhea, vomiting, and a mild fever. You determine that the infectious agent has 11 segments (don't ask me why you did that first) and diagnosed the pt using electron microscopy. What segment of this pathogen's genome stimulates a change in intracellular Ca2+ concentration?

A pt has awful gastroenteritis after eating at a cruise ship buffet in December on a Wednesday and 5:39 PM. What is true regarding the immune response to this pathogen?

A patient returns from a lovely vacation in the tropics with some uninvited guests. She has loose, bloody stools, stomach pain, and cramps. You note the presence of cysts and trophozoites in her stool. The best option for treatment would be:

An obese, 55yo pt with a history of SVT complains of heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and drooling. Barium swallow indicates an incompetent LES. Which of the following would be the gold standard surgical treatment for this condition?

Pt (BMI 23) with history of asthma has complaints of chronic hoarseness, non-productive cough, difficultly swallowing, and a feeling like a lump in their throat. What is true regarding the suspected condition?

The majority of patients with GERD symptoms are found to have _______ upon EGD.