implantation through gestational week 8

week 8 through birth (parturition)

The Cells of the Inner Cell Mass Differentiate to Form

3-4 days after fertilization, the ______ reaches the uterus. [Pre-Embryonic Stage]

Fertilization occurs _______ the uterus [Pre-Embryonic Stage ]

3-4 days after reaching the uterus, fluid accumulates creating a hollow sphere of cells called a ________ [Pre-Embryonic Stage]

An accumulation of cells called the ___________ forms that will eventually become the embryo. [Pre-Embryonic Stage]

The ring of flattened cells, called the _________, will become the embryonic portion of the placenta. [Pre-Embryonic Stage]

7 days after fertilization, the ________ attaches to the uterine wall. [Embryonic Stage: Implantation]

The _________ secretes enzymes that digest the endometrial cells. [Embryonic Stage: Implantation]

By day 14 the uterine endometrium grows over the ________, enclosing it, and walling it off from the rest of the uterine cavity [Embryonic Stage: Implantation]

Eventually, the___________ and the _____________ will combine to form the placenta. [Embryonic Stage: Implantation]

________ will give rise to organs through organogenesis for the remainder of this stage [Embryonic Stage: Implantation]

Fetal Stage includes:

the scientific study of congenital abnormalities and abnormal formations

any agent that can produce a congenital anomaly or raise the incidence of an anomaly in the population

Teratogen is typically environmental and can include:

is Governed by the Principles of Teratology

The capacity of an agent to produce birth defects depends on:

Kill embryo (spontaneous abortion, which goes unnoticed) or the disruptive effects are compensated for by the early embryo.

Most sensitive period for inducing major birth defects.

Teratogen damage is unlikely to produce malformations but can cause death, growth retardation, disruptions or functional deficits.

Originally developed in the 1950’s for the treatment of pregnancy-associated morning sickness (often used in the first trimester)

Thalidomide side effects to baby included:

Used today to treat illness such as multiple myeloma, erythema nodosum leprosum, HIV wasting, aphthous ulcers

TORCH syndrome includes ***

TORCH syndrome includes ***

_____ doesn’t cross placenta, transferred during labor with all the blood, but included in TORCH

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can include: ***

children who don’t exhibit the entire spectrum of abnormalities

Comorbid conditions of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome include:

Cigarette Smoke side effects to baby included: ***

Cigarette Smoke is associated with increase of

Cocaine is a teratogen that has adverse effects from _____ and ______ properties ***

Cocaine: exposed embryo at higher risk for ***

Cocaine gives a high risk of _____ because of vascular disruption (highest risk after the first trimester of pregnancy) ***

Cocaine: Increased risk of related congenital anomalies resulting from vascular disruption:

No specific teratogenic potential found

Associated with low birth weight, small gestational age (SGA), Increased risk for neurodevelopmental problems, but less well studied

Associated with malnutrition of the mother and lack of prenatal care, Associated with use of other illicit drugs with teratogenic potential, Associated with Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)

Excessive Dietary Intake of Vitamin ____ has Been Associated with Teratogenicity

Excessive dietary intake of Vitamin A can cause malformations involving:

treatment of cystic acne-one of the most potent teratogens in widespread use

1st trimester exposure: fetal loss

Beta carotene: precursor of vitamin A → NOT teratogenic

was once used to “support” high-risk pregnancies

_______ have two-fold increase in vaginal and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

One fourth of ________ have structural abnormalities of the cervix or vagina

DES-Exposed female fetuses have an increased risk for

DES-exposed male fetuses have increased risk for

TORCH complex may cause a constellation of similar symptoms in affected newborns