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Psychological Development

Total questions: 111

Worksheet time: 3605secs

Name
Class
Date
1.

The "nature' part of the nature/nurture debte refers to:

a)

the behavioral we acquired throughout our lives

b)

the environment

c)

the biological dispositions we're born with

d)

the outside world

2.

Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the nature v nurture debate?

a)

living in an urban environment

b)

prenatal care

c)

being raised in a bilingual home

d)

genetic makeup

3.

Which of the following is the best example of "nurture" in the nature v nurture debate?

a)

your chromosomes

b)

your DNA

c)

genetic mutations

d)

environment

4.

A woman marries a colorblind man. If they wish to conceive a child, which factors will most likely affect the vision of their offspring?

a)

mother's genes

b)

prenatal environment

c)

mother's and father's genes

d)

the environment they live in

5.

Inside the nucleus of every cell in our body, except sex cells, are 46:

a)

chromosomes

b)

DNA

c)

genomes

d)

phenomes

6.

Siblings that develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two are called:

a)

conjoined twins

b)

dizygotic twins

c)

fraternal twins

d)

identical twins

7.

A brother and a sister who are twins have to be:

a)

fraternal twins

b)

identical twins

c)

very similar in appearance

d)

monozygotic twins

8.

The heritability of a trait refers to:

a)

how likely we are to teach our children certain habits and traits

b)

how much genes contribute to a certain trait

c)

how much our environment contributes to a certain trait

d)

the survival advantages a certain trait gives an organism in a given environment

9.
If a child develops a liking for sports because she practices playing soccer every day with her dad, it would be evidence of 
a)
nature
b)
nurture
10.

The “nuture” argument suggests that people socialize and behave in certain ways because of

a)

the way they are born

b)

the way they are raised

c)

the genes they get from their parents

d)

the cultural expectations of the society

11.
If a child has brown eyes when she is born, it would be an example of...
a)
nature
b)
nurture 
12.

The “nature” argument suggests that people socialize and behave in certain ways because of

a)

the way they are born

b)

the way they are raised

c)

the friends they socialise with

d)

the cultural expectations of the society

13.
People are...
a)
a product of their genetics
b)
a product of their environment
c)
a product of their environment and the traits they were born with
14.

Fraternal twins share the same genetic make up.

a)

True

b)

False

15.
Nature versus Nurture means what?
a)
Genetics versus Environment
b)
Technology versus Books
c)
Educated versus Noneducated
d)
Psychology versus Sociology
16.
Which affects us more: Nature or Nurture? 
a)
Nature
b)
Nurture
c)
Neither affects us
d)
Both affect us equally
17.

Twins who come from one fertilised egg and have the same genetic makeup.

a)

fraternal twin

b)

zygotic twins

c)

paternal twins

d)

identical twins

18.

The basic building blocks of heredity

a)

genes

b)

chromosomes

c)

DNA

d)

RNA

19.

Twins who come from two different eggs, fertilised by two different sperm.

a)

identical twins

b)

zygotic twins

c)

fraternal twins

d)

Paternal

20.

The heritability of a trait refers to:

a)

how likely we are to teach our children certain habits and traits

b)

how much genes contribute to a certain trait

c)

how much our environment contributes to a certain trait

d)

the survival advantages a certain trait gives an organism in a given environment

21.

A set of genes that are inherited from biological parents.

a)

genotype

b)

phenotype

c)

parental chromosomes

d)

biological genes

22.

The observable properties of the body and behavioural characteristics.

a)

genotype

b)

phenotype

c)

environmental effect

d)

the way we look

23.

The physical growth and development of the body, brain and nervous system at fairly predictable stages in the lifespan.

a)

development

b)

puberty

c)

maturation

d)

growth

24.

A period of time in which the majority of people develop certain skills or abilities.

a)

developmental norms

b)

developmental stages

c)

skill development stages

d)

lifespan development norms

25.

The ideal period of time to be exposed to certain environmental stimuli for development to occur:

a)

critical period

b)

sensitive period

c)

ideal period

d)

developmental period

26.

A sensitive period is linked to the concept of:

a)

experience - dependent learning

b)

expectant - dependent learning

c)

dependent - developmental learning

d)

experience - expectant learning

27.

Examples of behaviour that occur during a sensitive period are:

a)

language

b)

reading and writing

c)

vision

d)

co-ordination and balance

28.

If a specific behaviour hasn't been developed during a sensitive period then it is impossible to learn this behaviour later in life?

a)

true

b)

false

29.

A short period of time in the lifespan to be exposed to certain environmental stimuli for development to occur:

a)

sensitive period

b)

optimal period

c)

critical period

d)

ideal period

30.

If the window closes on a critical period the learning becomes almost impossible to develop at a later stage of life:

a)

true

b)

false

31.

Certain events must occur during a critical period for a person to develop normally:

a)

true

b)

false

32.

Most sensitive and critical periods can be found in the first years of development of most species. This is connected to the concept that:

a)

the reduction of plasticity of the brain as we age.

b)

the increasing plasticity of the brain as we age.

c)

adults have greater brain plasticity than children

d)

the adult brain is larger than a child's

33.

First language acquisition typically begins:

a)

in infancy

b)

in early childhood

c)

in infancy and early childhood

d)

in the womb before the baby is born, when they can hear parents voices

34.

The rapid and early learning of attachment to the first moving object viewed after birth:

a)

modelling

b)

copying

c)

imprinting

d)

development

35.

Who studied the natural behaviour patterns of animals in regards to their behaviour straight after birth:

a)

Lorenz

b)

Bowlby

c)

Harlow

d)

Ainsworth

36.

In Harlow's experiments how long would monkeys spend with the cloth mother every day?

a)

10 hrs

b)

12 hrs

c)

22 hrs

d)

15 hrs

37.

Which of these was not a consequence of separating rhesus monkeys from their mothers in the Harlow study?

a)

Aggressive

b)

Less sociable

c)

Neglectful as mothers

d)

Trouble feeding

38.

At what age do children usually start to form specific attachments / emotional bonds?

a)

5 months

b)

8 months

c)

11 months

d)

18 months

39.

Which of these behaviours best describes Harlow's monkeys that were maternally deprived?

a)

aggressive

b)

soicable

c)

calm and independent

d)

good parents

40.

In which condition were Harlow's monkeys most damaged by early experience?

a)

biological mother from birth

b)

wire mother from birth

c)

cloth mother from birth

d)

biological mother from 2 months

41.

Bowlby found that the first year of life and the responsiveness of the caregiver were important elements to a child's _______________ later in life.

a)

cognitive behaviour

b)

social behaviour

c)

memory formation

d)

sporting ability

42.

Attachment refers to:

a)

an infant's ability to follow large objects with their eyes

b)

the grip an infant will develop on their caregiver

c)

the close emotional bond an infant develops with their caregiver

d)

the infant depending on the caregiver for food and survival

43.
The independent variable in Harlow's experiment on attachment was
a)
whether the surrogate was made from wire or cloth and contained the feed bottle
b)
whether the monkey preferred the wire or the cloth surrogate mother
c)
the amount of time the monkeys spent on the surrogates
d)
the attachment the monkeys formed for the surrogates
44.
The dependent variable in Harlow's 1958 experiment on attachment was
a)
whether the surrogate was made form wire or cloth and contained the feed bottle 
b)
whether the monkey preferred the wire or cloth surrogate mother
c)
the amount of time the monkeys spent on the surrogates
d)
the attachment the monkeys formed for the surrogates 
45.
Harlow's findings were that
a)
the monkeys spent more time on the wire surrogate and only spent time on the cloth surrogate to feed
b)
contact comfort was not important, feeding capability was important
c)
contact comfort was the most important factor in infant and mother attachment
d)
the surrogates providing the food were the most important factor in the infant and mother attachment 
46.
According to Bowlby, the four characteristics that all need to be present if a strong infant-caregiver attachment is to form are
a)
emotional development, evolution, motivation and comfort
b)
a safe haven, proximity maintenance, a secure base and separation distress
c)
a mother, attachment targets, a safe haven and a secure base
d)
evolution, a mother, a secure base and proximity maintenance
47.

This psychologist studied attachment in baby monkeys.

a)

Harry Harlow

b)

Jean Piaget

c)

Erik Erikson

d)

John Bowlby

48.

Twin studies answer a lot of questions about what big debate in psychology?

a)

Trust v. Mistrust

b)

Nature v. Nurture

c)

Feeling v. Knowing

d)

Concrete v. Abstract

49.

John Bowlby studied infant attachment and showed that between the ages of 6 months and 1 year, infants show distress when separated from the primary caregiver. This is known as

a)

secure attachment

b)

insecure attachment

c)

separation anxiety

d)

autonomy

50.

What did the attachment studies on baby monkeys show?

a)

Baby monkeys preferred the creature comfort of the warm, soft "mother"

b)

Baby monkeys preferred the "mother" that offered them food

c)

Baby monkeys were depressed because they wanted their real mothers

d)

Baby monkeys do not form attachments to their mothers.

51.

Who believed that infants become attached to their mothers because they are the providers of oral satisfaction?

a)

Harlow

b)

Bowlby

c)

Freud

d)

Lorenz

52.

It is suggested that infants take the combined effects of the biological, cognitive and social influences that have helped shape their development into adulthood from what age?

a)

1 year old

b)

2 years of age

c)

4 years of age

d)

6 years old

53.

In Harlow's experiment, when he introduced the mechanical moving monster called "the stressor", what was the result?

a)

the monkey was frightened and went to the mother with the food

b)

the monkey was interested and went to investigate

c)

the monkey was scared and went to the cloth mother for comfort

d)

because the monkeys were orphaned the monster didn't worry them

54.

In the 1940's the psychiatrist John Bowlby began his work on what theory?

a)

Separation theory

b)

Attachment theory

c)

Emotional theory

d)

Social emotional theory

55.

As a result of his observations, Bowlby believed that mothers should not be separated from their infants for any period of time. This idea was called the:

a)

maternal deprivation hypothesis

b)

separation anxiety theory

c)

emotional attachment hypothesis

d)

secure attachment theory

56.

Bowlby based his research on observations of children separated from their parents and left in the care of others after:

a)

The Romanian rebellion in 1989

b)

World war 1

c)

World war 2

d)

The Russian invasion of Romania in 1966

57.

In his studies, Bowlby observed infants engaging in behaviour to get attention from their mothers. He called these behaviours:

a)

attention seeking behaviours

b)

attachment behaviours

c)

care giving behaviours

d)

signal behaviours

58.

As a result of his research Bowlby suggested that there were how many phases in the development of attachment?

a)

2

b)

3

c)

4

d)

6

59.

Who studied the attachment styles of children and developed the Strange Situation experiment?

a)

Carol King

b)

Margaret Floy Washburn

c)

Mary Ainsworth

d)

Marie Curie

60.
Ainsworth placed her types of attachment into two distinct categories, what were these?
a)
Anxious and astute
b)
Secure and insecure
c)
Stable and shaky
d)
Tentative and trusting
61.
Ainsworth's attachment types were each assigned a letter. Which attachment type was type A?
a)
Insecure-avoidant
b)
Insecure-disorganised
c)
Insecure-resistant
d)
Secure
62.
Ainsworth's attachment types were each assigned a letter. Which attachment type was type B?
a)
Insecure-avoidant
b)
Insecure-disorganised
c)
Insecure-resistant
d)
Secure
63.

Ainsworth's attachment types were each assigned a letter. Which attachment type was type C?

a)

Insecure-avoidant

b)

Insecure-disorganised

c)

Insecure-anxious

d)

Secure

64.
An infant that is calmed quickly and easily on reunion is displaying signs of which type of attachment?
a)
Insecure-avoidant
b)
Insecure-disorganised
c)
Insecure-resistant
d)
Secure
65.
An infant that seems disinterested in the mother on reunion is displaying signs of which type of attachment?
a)
Insecure-avoidant
b)
Insecure-disorganised
c)
Insecure-resistant
d)
Secure
66.

An infant that alternates between wanting the mother and then pushes her away on reunion is displaying signs of which type of attachment?

a)

Insecure-avoidant

b)

Insecure-disorganised

c)

Insecure-anxious

d)

Secure

67.

Which of these best describes a SECURE attachment?

a)

Young children cling to their parent when they are in a new place

b)

Young children are allowed to do whatever they want to

c)

Young children never cry, even when punished

d)

Young children may cry when they are left, but be happy when their caregiver returns

68.
Children, who in infancy formed secure attachments to their parents, are more likely than other children to:
a)
Prefer the company of adults to that of other children
b)
Become permissive parents
c)
Show a high level of social competence
d)
Be less achievement oriented
69.
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a)
Temperament joined with a person's environment shapes personality most.
b)
Culture shapes personality most.
c)
Genes shape personality most.
d)
Parents and other adults shape personality most.
70.
This person studied attachment in
infants using the Strange Situation model, which labeled infants as secure, and insecure in attachment
a)
Mary Ainsworth
b)
Harry Harlow
c)
Dorthea Dix
d)
Diana Baumrind
71.

Infants who are group B type attachment, tend to have mothers who are more:

a)

sensitive, accepting and expressive of attention towards them.

b)

are insensitive to their signals and do not often have close body contact.

c)

are insensitive, awkward with their infants, and are not affectionate.

d)

are sensitive and accepting, but do not often have close body contact.

72.

Which of the following steps is not a part of the "strange situation experiment"?

a)

the infant enters the room with the mother

b)

the mother leaves the infant alone with the stranger

c)

the infant plays with the mother present

d)

the infant plays with the stranger with the mother present

73.
According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to:
a)
reason abstractly
b)
adhere to social norms
c)
distinguish between good and bad behaviors
d)
become aware of the positive and negative consequences of their own behaviors
74.
According to Piaget, children come to understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ________ stage.
a)
sensorimotor
b)
preoperational
c)
concrete operational
d)
formal operational
75.
An infant who has developed object permanence...
a)
is attached to specific objects, such as a blanket.
b)
will see all objects as being the same.
c)
knows that an object, such as a rattle, exists even if it is not in view.
d)
cries when a wanted object is taken away.
76.
Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of:
a)
accommodation
b)
attachment
c)
object permanence
d)
egocentricism
77.
The cognitive ability to be able to recognize that quantities remain the same when two glasses of water are sitting beside each other, and one is poured into a taller glass.
a)
Irreversibility
b)
Centration
c)
Conservation
d)
Object Permanence 
78.
The inability of young children to see the world through someone else's view is termed:
a)
Centration
b)
Irreversibility
c)
Conservation
d)
Egocentrism
79.
In which of the following stages will children learn the concept of conservation?
a)
preoperational
b)
concrete operational
c)
sensorimotor
d)
formal operational
80.
Peek-a-boo works on children in what stage?
a)
Sensorimotor
b)
Preoperational
c)
Concrete Operational
d)
Formal Operational
81.
The ability to use deductive logic, think abstractly and systematically solve problems emerges during the:
a)
Concrete Operational Stage
b)
Sensorimotor Stage
c)
Formal Operational Stage 
d)
Preoperational State 
82.
The first stage of development is the _____ stage.
a)
adaptation
b)
assimilation
c)
accommodation
d)
sensorimotor
83.
Jane's mother has two crackers, both of equal size. She breaks one of the crackers up into four pieces. Jane says she wants the one with the most and immediately chooses the four pieces, even though the two amounts are equal. Jane's choice illustrates Piaget's concept of:
a)
Accommodation
b)
Egocentrism
c)
False belief
d)
Conservation
84.

In Piaget's theory, the stage in which infants are only aware of what is immediately in front of them (from birth to about 2 years of age).

a)

Formal Operational Stage

b)

Preoperational Stage

c)

Sensorimotor Stage

d)

Concrete Operational Stage

85.

Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development. The person can think logically, hypothetically, and in the abstract

a)

Preconventional Moral Reasoning

b)

Postconventional Moral Reasoning

c)

Conventional Moral Reasoning

d)

Formal Operational Stage

86.
How many stages did Piaget state people go through as they developed?
a)
5
b)
1
c)
4
d)
2
87.
According to your age and Piaget's theory, what stage are you at?
a)
Concrete Operational
b)
Formal Operational
c)
Preoperational
d)
Sensorimotor
88.

Sally attempts to retrieve her teddy bear after her father hides it under a blanket. This suggests that Sally has developed a sense of

a)

egocentrism.

b)

object permanence.

c)

conservation.

d)

accommodation.

89.

What years are the Preoperational stage of Development

a)

0-2 years

b)

2-7 years

c)

7-11 years

d)

11+ years

90.
At what age is the formal operational stage of development?
a)
Birth to 2 years
b)
2 to 7 years
c)
7 to 11 years
d)
12 and older
91.
At what age is the concrete operational stage?
a)
Birth to 2 years
b)
2 to 7 years
c)
7 to 11 years
d)
12 and older
92.
____________________ happens when the existing schema does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.
a)
Assimilation
b)
Accommodation
c)
Schema
d)
Equilibrium
93.
____________________ is using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation.
a)
Assimilation
b)
Accommodation
c)
Schema
d)
Equilibrium
94.
In the "clown" incident, the boy's father explained to his son that the man was not a clown and that even though his hair was like a clown's, he wasn't wearing a funny costume and wasn't doing silly things to make people laugh. This new knowledge, the boy was able to change his schema of "clown" and make this idea fit better to a standard concept of "clown". This is an example of___________________.
a)
Assimilation
b)
Accommodation
c)
Schema
d)
Equilibrium
95.
A 2 year old child sees a man who is bald on top of his head and has long frizzy hair on the sides. To his father's horror, the toddler shouts "Clown, clown" This is an example of ___________________.
a)
Assimilation
b)
Accommodation
c)
Schema
d)
Equilibrium
96.
Piaget's 4 stages of development
a)
Formal, Concrete, schemas, preconservation
b)
Sensimotor,Preoperational, Concrete, Formal
c)
Sensorimotor, preconventional, concrete, Formal
97.
a person’s genetic tendency as to how they react and how intensely they react to a situation.
a)
theory of mind
b)
temperament
c)
conservation
98.

The central theme of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial stages was the development of:

a)

Personality

b)

Psychosocial dilemma

c)

Social Status

d)

Ego Identity

99.
The stage that occurs between birth and one year of age is concerned with:
a)
Trust vs. Mistrust
b)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
c)
Intiative vs. Guilt 
d)
Industry vs. Inferiority 
100.
Erikson believed that people move through a series of _______ psychosocial stages throughout the lifespan.
a)
Four
b)
Eight
c)
Ten
d)
Twelve
101.
The crisis that arises in young adulthood is concerned with:
a)
Trust vs. Mistrust
b)
Industry vs. Inferiority 
c)
Integrity vs. Despair
d)
Intimacy vs. Isolation 
102.
According to Erikson, what is the major conflict faced during adolescence?
a)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
b)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
c)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
d)
Generativity  vs. Stagnation 
103.
Eight-year old Steven has a difficult time making friends at school. He has trouble completing his schoolwork accurately and on time, and as a result, receives little positive feedback from his teacher and parents. According to Erikson’s theory, failure at this stage of development results in
a)
Feelings of Inferiority
b)
A sense of guilt
c)
A poor sense of Self
d)
Mistrust 
104.

A straight A student turned party goer shows what stage?

a)

Industry vs. Inferiority

b)

Identity vs. Role Confusion

c)

Generativity vs. Stagnation

d)

Trust vs Mistrust

105.

What concept/idea did Erik Erikson introduce with his developmental theory?

a)

Identity Crisis

b)

Id, Ego and Super-Ego

c)

Genetic Epistemology

d)

Ethnographic Methodology

106.

What is an advantage of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

a)

Fully applicable to both males and females

b)

Focuses on childhood

c)

Explains how to move from one stage to the next

d)

Emphasizes the importance of relationships

107.

Erikson characterizes development as a series of what?

a)

Psychosexual stages

b)

Sociophallic stages

c)

Psychosocial stages

d)

Psychomoral stages

108.

The stage that occurs between birth and one year of age is concerned with:

a)

Trust vs. Mistrust

b)

Intiative vs. Guilt

c)

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

d)

Industry vs. Inferiority

109.

Which is an example of the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage?

a)

An infant chewing on a teething toy

b)

teenager trying out new fashions and hairstyles

c)

A preschooler insisting on picking out her own clothes, no matter how mismatched they are

d)

A middle-schooler completing a challenging math assignment

110.
What stage am I?
They look back on their lives and either see a sense of worth or failure.
a)
integrity vs despair
b)
Generativity vs stagnation
c)
Identity vs role con
111.

Erikson's theory was based on a conflict between:

a)

personal impulses and the social world

b)

nature and nurture

c)

the social world and the family setting

d)

personal impulses and the environment

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