Pressure in all of the

Arteries = 95 mmHg

Veins = 5 mmHg

What is the pressure difference that pushes blood through the vessels of the brain?

Which one has the highest resistance?

If you start to exercise, what would be the best way to get more flow to the skeletal muscle?

Muscles that do not have enough oxygen release hydrogen ion (H+) in the form of lactic acid. Predict the effect of H+ on the smooth muscle of the arterioles and on the blood flow to skeletal muscle.

During exercise, what does the sympathetic nervous system do to send more blood flow to the exercising muscle?

The picture shows blood vessels, extracellular fluid, and cells. In which places does the fluid contain high Na+ and Cl- but low K+?

When you report a patient’s blood pressure, you give it as systolic arterial pressure over diastolic arterial pressure. Here is the pressure in a patient's artery during one cardiac cycle. For this patient's arterial pressure you would say:

In which blood vessel is flow highest?

The picture shows the blood flow to the organs. What would happen to the blood flow to the brain if the resistance of the arterioles of the kidneys were doubled, but nothing else (pressures or resistances in the other organs) changed? The flow to the brain, in Liters/minute, would now be

Adenosine (the "A" in ATP) is released from cells when they not have enough oxygen to convert ADP back to ATP. The adenosine that is released binds to G-protein coupled receptor proteins on the membranes of the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles. The effect of the adenosine on the smooth muscle cells helps increase the blood flow to supply more oxygen to the cells. Based on this information, what do you predict is the second messenger of the G-protein system and what does it do to change the contraction of the smooth muscle?

If the nerve in the picture releases more norepinephrine, what effect would this have on the radius of the arteriole and the blood flow in the arteriole ?

The picture shows efferent nerves from the Central Nervous System to target organs. How would the Central Nervous System increase the blood flow to the arterioles of an organ?

The picture shows a normal (continuous) capillary. Which substance would diffuse out of the capillary following the path shown by the arrow?

The picture shows a capillary between an arteriole and a venule. At which point is the osmotic pressure of the blood most likely to be higher than the blood pressure?

Which of these conditions is most likely to lead to edema?

A change in arterial blood pressure causes the carotid baroreceptor nerves to change their firing pattern. Time 1 is before the change, and Time 2 is after, as shown in the picture above. What would cause this change?

A change in arterial blood pressure causes the carotid baroreceptor nerves to change their firing pattern. Time 1 is before the change, and Time 2 is after the change, as shown in the image above. What happened and what should the cardiovascular center in the medulla do to correct it?

A change in arterial blood pressure causes the carotid baroreceptor nerves to change their firing pattern as shown in the first image. The second image is the ECG at time 2. After Time 2, the baroreflex has acted to restore the normal blood pressure. What you would you expect the ECG of this person to look like next?

If your blood volume is too low, what should the brain do to correct this?

The picture shows a normal (continuous) capillary. The blood pressure in the capillary is about 15 mm Hg. The osmotic pressure of the proteins in the blood is 25 mmHg. Which arrow shows the direction and route of movement of water in this capillary?

Cancer patients sometimes have a surgical procedure that removes the lymph nodes from the area of the tumor (to determine if the cancer is spreading). A side effect of this is that it stops the functioning of the lymph vessels from that area (there is no lymph flow). What is the main negative consequence of this?

Where in the Central Nervous System are the association neurons that receive information from the arterial baroreceptors and "decide" how to adjust the cardiac output?

Where in the Central Nervous System are the association neurons that receive information from the arterial baroreceptors and "decide" how to adjust the cardiac output?

A change in arterial blood pressure causes the carotid baroreceptor nerves to change their firing pattern from normal (Time 1) to what is shown at Time 2. In response to this change, the medulla changes the cardiac output. How will the medulla change the autonomic nerve influence on the heart to restore the normal blood pressure?

Creatinine is a natural substance often measured to assess the health of a person’s kidneys. How much creatinine is excreted by this person?

Filtered Creatinine : 70 mg/hour

Reabsorbed Creatinine : none

Secreted Creatinine : 10 mg/hour

Where is Na+ filtered out of the blood into the nephron?

Which arrow points to a capillary from which water, ions, and small molecules leave the blood?

If a group of 10 molecules of water are flowing through the aorta, how many of them will enter the renal artery?

In which part of the kidney does water leave the blood and enter the nephron tubule?

What would you find in the fluid at both arrow I and arrow II?

Which is an epithelial cell that helps prevent small proteins from entering the urine?

Which arrow shows the pathway of a substance that is reabsorbed?

Where is the sodium-potassium ATPase located on this transporting epithelial cell?

Where is glucose transported as shown by this transporter?

Tony’s glomerular filtration rate is 100 ml/min and his plasma glucose concentration is 200 mg/100 ml plasma The transport maximum for glucose is 375 mg/min. How much glucose does Tony excrete in his urine?

Which is an example of a substance being secreted by secondary active transport?

Which is a capillary that receives water and sodium that are reabsorbed from the proximal tubule?

Where is the sodium-amino acid cotransporter located on this transporting epithelial cell of the proximal tubule?

If 100 Na+ ions enter the proximal tubule of a nephron (shown by the green arrow), how many remain in the tubule by the time the fluid reaches the blue arrow?

In which two places does the fluid normally contain glucose?

To win a bet, you have just consumed 2 liters of water in 2 minutes. In order to restore your body fluid balance, you need to excrete the water in your urine while minimizing the loss of Na+ and Cl- ions. What osmolarity should the urine be?

Where does fluid have an osmolarity of 100 mOsm/L?

What are the neurotransmitters released at X and Y?

You are watching TV and are eating a bag of pretzels. Even though you are getting thirsty from the salt, the refrigerator seems so far away so you don’t get anything to drink. What is happening to your body fluid osmolarity and ADH level?

Maria's glomerular filtration rate is 100 mL/min and her plasma glucose concentration is 400 mg/100 ml. The transport maximum for glucose is 375 mg/min. How much glucose does Maria excrete in her urine?

At which point could you find tubular fluid with an osmolarity more than 600 mOsm/L?

The picture shows the micturition reflex. Which presynaptic neuron releases glycine as its neurotransmitter?

In one day, how much water must leave your body (in urine, sweat, feces and exhaled air)?

Where on this cell of the Collecting Duct

1) does ADH bind and

2) are aquaporins inserted?

In one day, the average American consumes 9 grams of sodium chloride in food and drink. However the exact amount varies from person to person and day to day. How much NaCl must leave your body (in urine, sweat, and feces) each day?

If the arterial pressure increases, how does the secretion of renin change?

After you donate blood, but before you have stopped at the refreshment table for some juice, how do the levels of angiotensin II and antidiuretic hormone in your blood compare to before your donation?

How is the excretion of potassium changed when there is hyperkalemia?

If this is air in the atmosphere, and each ball is a molecule of gas, what do the black and white balls represent?

Where is antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) made?

The osmolarity of sweat is about half that of plasma (sweat is hyposmotic). If you exercise and don’t drink any liquid, what will be the effect on your plasma osmolarity and ADH levels?

You are watching TV and are eating a bag of pretzels. Even though you are getting thirsty from the salt, the refrigerator seems so far away so you don’t get anything to drink. After a couple of hours, what is the likely osmolarity of your urine?

At which point does the osmolarity of the fluid change depending on whether antidiuretic hormone is present?

In which parts of this nephron does ADH increase water reabsorption and aldosterone increase K+ secretion?

The picture shows the action of a hormone (shown as a question mark ?) in the collecting duct of a nephron. X and Y are substances affected by the hormone. What is the hormone and what is substance Y?

In the alveoli of the lung, O2 moves from air (II) to blood (I) at all times. Compare the concentration of O2 at I and II.

Which form of transport does O2 use to enter into cells?

The picture shows the four steps in respiration. In which two steps is carbon dioxide in a hydrophilic environment?

How do you breath in?

How do you lower the air pressure in your lungs so that air will flow in from the atmosphere?

The picture shows the 4 steps in respiration. Which two steps involve the movement of oxygen across cell membranes?

In the alveoli of the lung, CO2 always moves from blood (I) to air (II). Compare the concentration of CO2 at I and II.

When you inspire, air moves from your nose to your lungs. When you expire, air moves from lungs to nose. Compare the air pressure in the nose (I) to the air pressure in the lung (II).

When you are between inspiration and expiration, no air moves between your nose and your lungs. Compare the air pressure in the nose (I) to the air pressure in the lung (II) at that moment.

What happens to your ribs as you breath in?

How do you breathe out a normal breath (non-exercising)?

When is the pressure in the pleural space greater (more positive) than the pressure in the lung?

If the alveolar pressure is -1 mm Hg and the intrapleural pressure is -5 mm Hg, what is the phase of breathing?

Which type of nerve(s) control(s) the diaphragm?

When the volume of air in your lungs equals the functional residual capacity, which respiratory muscles are contracting?

When your lung volume equals the residual volume, what muscles are contracting?

The picture shows the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of air in the atmosphere and in the alveoli of the lung. What is the O2 in the Dead Space Air?

Which line shows the relationship between the pressure in a balloon and the volume of the balloon?

A premature infant is born with lung compliance as shown by the red line. With treatment the infant survives and begins making surfactant. What has happened to the compliance of the baby’s lungs once surfactant is produced?

Patients with heart failure are often prescribed Beta-blockers (drugs that block the ß-adrenoceptors, preventing epinephrine or norepinephrine from attaching to them) to keep the heart rate slow. Patients with asthma often use albuterol, an artificial form of epinephrine, to relax the airway smooth muscle during an asthma exacerbation. What if a patient with asthma develops heart failure?

If a healthy person exhales his vital capacity as quickly as possible, about 80% of the air will be exhaled in the first second. What would the result look like for an asthmatic?

The picture shows the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of air in the atmosphere and in the alveoli of the lung. What is the % CO2 in the Dead Space Air?

Which type of cell of the alveolus makes surfactant?

Two twin brothers, Bob and Bill are 65 years old. One has never smoked, and the other smoked from the time he was 15 until he quit ten years ago. As he inspires a normal breath of 500 ml tidal volume, Bob's intrapleural pressure decreases from -3 to -6 mmHg (beginning of inspiration to end of inspiration). During an identical breath with a 500 ml tidal volume, Bill's intrapleural pressure decreases from -2 to -4 mmHg. Whose lung compliance is higher, and which brother probably was the smoker?

Two 18 year old twin sisters, Megan and Sarah, perform a forced vital capacity test. They are the same body size, and both have a vital capacity of 4 liters. In the first second of the expiration, Megan exhales 3.5 liters, while Sarah exhales 2 liters. By the end of the third second, Megan has exhaled 4 liters and Sarah 3 liters. How would you interpret these results?