The restriction-modification system includes everything BUT

During the lytic cycle, the host cell's DNA is destroyed or disabled.

An enteric virus would be transmissible via

After an enveloped virus attaches to an animal cell, it then

Which of these would you expect to be made in early mRNA synthesis?

A temperate phage

What would be an indication of a cytocidal infection?

Morphogenesis is

Antigenic shift is observed in which of these viruses?

Insect act as ________ when they facilitate viral infection of plants.

All viruses (plant, animal, bacterial) only attach to certain markers on the surface of their host cells.

Virions only infect plants.

What is the term for the lipid layer found surrounding some viruses?

A virus that creates disease in the host cell and causes the cell to release virions slowly over time would be described as...

A virus in the environment (not inside a cell) would be...

When a virus infects a bacterial cell, the whole virus enters the cell.

When would you expect scaffolding proteins to be synthesized?

The presence of endolysin and holin would indicate what viral replication cycle?

When sequencing the DNA of a bacterium, you find a segment of code in the chromosome that is not present anywhere in other bacteria of the same species and strain. What is the most likely explanation for how this piece of DNA was introduced into the bacterium's genome?

An organism is deprived of a source of glucose and must switch to fermenting lactose. The gene that codes for lactase has been suppressed by an active repressor. What must happen for the organism to start fermenting lactose?

What mutagen causes an amino group to be changed to a keto group that changes cytosine to uracil?

What type of mutation would be responsible for disrupting protein synthesis?

What is the primary reason frameshift mutations are so harmful?

Insertion sequences carry genes in addition to those needed for transposition.

Which of these is NOT a possible effect of transposition

Which enzyme is responsible for proofreading DNA during replication?

During excision repair, which enzyme does NOT play an integral role?

Direct selection involves growing a population of bacteria on a medium where only the auxotrophic mutants will grow.

Genes that code for the disease-causing aspects of a bacterium are called

Select all the horizontal gene transfer methods where the donor cell survives.

Specialized transduction occurs in what kind of infection?

During conjugation, the bacterial chromosome cannot be transferred, only plasmids.

What is the likely mechanism of how plasmids accumulate antibiotic resistance genes?

Mobilizable plasmids carry all of the genetic information needed for their transfer during conjugation.

What is the location where RNA polymerase attaches during transcription?

What virus listed can only replicate its genetic information during the S phase of the cell it is infecting?

What kind of bonds are found between complementing bases of DNA?

Because most of our genome does not code for protein production, we could lose a lot of our genetic information before feeling negative effects.

When Oswald Avery injected heat treated smooth and live rough Streptococcus pneumoniae into mice, what happened?

Protease is an effective treatment for patients with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.

What explains why we have new flu vaccines every year?

Poxviruses have the enzyme that uncoats the capsid and do not need the host enzymes to uncoat.

In animal viruses, most require at least two different attachment points for the spikes for successful attachment.

This 20 sided die is most similar to what viral morphology?

Plant viruses generally do not spread from cell to cell.

Viroids can be DNA or RNA based.

A cell's genome is always made of DNA while a virus' genome can be either RNA or DNA

Only one strand of DNA is picked up by the recipient cell during transformation.

Competency describes the ability of a cell to perform conjugation.

Which of the following describes an antiseptic process?

What is the correct order of most resistant to least resistant to methods of control?

The a large amount of microbial growth would generally _________ the effectiveness of a method of control.

You want to make your own hand sanitizer. You have some aloe vera gel but must go out to buy the alcohol portion. In the store, there are the following alcohol concentrations available. Which should you use for your homemade hand sanitizer?

Microbes are considered dead when they can no longer reproduce under conditions that would normally support their reproduction.

What is the D-value of this particular graph?

Most chemical cleaners are more effective at what pH?

Rubbing your hands together while washing with plain water would be a

Hydrogen peroxide is most effective in its liquid form and on living tissue like a cut or scrape.

Halogens like iodine work by

Anionic detergents like hand soap are considered disinfectants because of the way that they surround hydrophobic molecules and make them soluble in water.

Ozone is primarily used as a disinfectant for what?

Adding nitrite to a food preserves it by

Chlorine bleach can destroy all bacteria and fungi, including endospores.

Phenolics are found in what common household cleaner?

Select all chemical methods of control

Autoclaving uses what kind of control method?

Freezing kills up to ____ of microbes

In food spoilage, the microbes we are most concerned about are

Ionizing radiation is effective against endospores but may or may not kill viruses.