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WorksheetsModule 2 BIOL 203
Total questions: 135
Worksheet time: 2hrs 32mins
Tissue fluid is also called ________.
cytoplasm
cytosol
intracellular fluid
interstitial fluid
Phospholipids are _______ molecules that have a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head.
amphipathic
nonpolar
polar
The fluidity of the plasma membrane is primarily provided by the _________.
cholesterol molecules
phospholipids
sugars
proteins
Within the plasma membrane, most transmembrane proteins will be comprised of what type of regions?
only hydrophilic
only hydrophobic
both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
What are integral proteins of the cell membrane that allow ions to pass through called?
receptors
ion channels
translocators
cell identity markers
What is the fluid located between the cells called?
cytosol
blood
intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
About 98% of plasma membrane molecules are lipids. Of this 98%, about _______ are phospholipids.
50%
75%
90%
25%
Cell receptors are sometimes linked to which type of intracellular peripheral protein?
phosphatase
G
CAM
GTP
The majority of the plasma membrane can be described as a bilayer of (a) with associated proteins.
Cyclic AMP activates cellular enzymes known as (a) .
Which membrane protein is not integral to the plasma membrane and is often attached to the cytoskeleton?
peripheral
intracellular
transmembrane
Components of the plasma membrane called ________ help form the glycocalyx.
glycolipids
cholesterol
proteins
glucose
lipids
What is the name of the structure at the end of the long pointer that allows ions to pass through the cell membrane?
cell adhesion marker
cell identity marker
receptor
ion channel
(a) : short 'hairs' with axoneme cores; moves a substance along a cell surface
(a) : single long structure with an axoneme core; propulsion of cell
(a) : folds of cell membrane; may have actin core; serves primarily to increase surface area
The fluid contained inside a cell is known as (a) fluid.
A second messenger ultimately might activate an enzyme that adds a phosphate to yet another cellular enzyme. What is this enzyme that causes phosphorylation of others called?
cyclase
catalase
phosphatase
kinase
_______ is an enzyme which converts ATP to cyclic AMP.
acetylcholinesterase
kinase
phosphatase
adenylate cyclase
Coming from words that mean "sugar coat", the layer of carbohydrates coating a cell membrane is called the (a) .
Which of the following, found on the surface of epithelial cells within the respiratory tract, uterine tubes, testes, and ventricles of the brain, aid in moving fluids or cells through these structures?
axonemes
microvilli
microtubules
cilia
flagella
Which membrane type allows some things through and restricts the passage of others?
passively permeable
impermeable
permeable
selectively permeable
Passive membranes of membrane transport _________.
do not require ATP
require ATP
When the concentration of a substance differs from one area to another, this creates a concentration (a) .
Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process?
diffusion
active transport
filtration
phagocytosis
True or false: Nearly every human cell has a single, non-motile primary cilium a few micrometers long.
true
false
Smaller molecules diffuse ________ larger molecules
at the same rate as
faster than
slower than
Transport mechanisms like filtration, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are examples of which of the following forms of transport?
active
idle
endocytosis
second messenger
passive
Particle movement (a) is from a region of high to low concentration
Particle motion (a) is from a region of low to high concentration
Which of the following molecules can readily diffuse through a cell membrane?
lipid soluble molecules
nonpolar molecules
large hydrophilic molecules
hydrophobic molecules
Oxygen passes into the bloodstream across the membranes in the lung by the process of (a) .
What is the diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane called?
phagocytosis
simple diffusion
filtration
osmosis
What factors would increase the rate of diffusion?
increased cell surface area
decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound
decreased temperature
increased concentration difference
The greater or steeper the concentration gradient, the ______ the rate of diffusion.
faster
slower
Water molecules can form a loose reversible relationship with a solute particle by assembling into what?
a hydration sphere
a macromolecule
an osmotic particle
a salt
Water and electrolytes can cross a cell membrane through which of the following?
transporters
cholesterol molecules
channels
vessicles
The greater the concentration of a nonpermeating solute present in a solution, the ______ the osmotic pressure of that solution.
lower
higher
Consider two solutions of different sodium concentrations separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The net movement of water across the membrane will be from the area of ______ sodium concentration to the area of ______ sodium concentration.
higher, lower
lower, higher
A hydration sphere consists of a solute particle surrounded by (a) molecules
Cells placed in a(n) ______ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell.
hypertonic
isotonic
hypotonic
Which of the following are examples of passive transport?
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
filtration
passive diffusion
vesicular transport
A(n) (a) solution has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of cells and tends to cause the cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage.
A(n) (a) solution has a lower osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of the cell and tends to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells.
What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called?
a self-identity marker
a carrier
an enzyme
an MHC protein
Which mechanism of carrier-mediated transport moves a solute through a membrane without use of energy?
facilitated diffusion
endocytosis
active transport
simple diffusion
Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier?
passive
active
diffusion
osmosis
Which of the following assures that the ECF concentration of sodium remains much higher than the ICF concentration?
diffusion
sodium-potassium pump
vesicular transport
facilitated diffusion
Why is it critical that the extracellular fluid have the same total concentration of nonpermeating solutes as the intracellular fluid?
to allow easier diffusion of solutes across the membrane
to assure that hormones and other signaling molecules can reach the cells
to avoid changes in cell volume or pressure
Which form of vesicular transport uses motor proteins to bring fluid and solutes into the cell?
endocytosis
secondary active transport
facilitated diffusion
exocytosis
In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane?
reverse osmosis
carrier-mediated transport
secondary active transport
simple diffusion
Neutrophils engulf bacteria by surrounding them with pseudopods and drawing them into the cell by which process?
simple diffusion
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
facilitated diffusion
In which process do receptors bind their ligand, cluster together into a pit, and then taken into the cell within a vesicle?
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated exocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include __________.
active transport
passive diffusion
vesicular transport
osmosis
The Na+-K+ pump is a good example of which type of transport?
simple diffusion
osmosis
secondary active transport
primary active transport
facilitated diffusion
In which process does a secretory vesicle fuse with a cell membrane and release its contents into the extracellular space?
exocytosis
transcytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
The general term for the cell process in which the membrane invaginates, forming vesicles that bring extracellular particles or droplets of fluid into the cell, is known as (a)
What is the general name for the network of structures within the cytoplasm which support the cell, determine its shape, and participate in movement?
golgi apparatus
rough ER
cytoskeleton
nucleus
A pair of membranes enclosing the nucleus with pores allowing the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus is the nuclear (a) .
Which of the following best defines chromatin?
particles on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum
fine threads of DNA and protein
tubular structures forming the centrioles
folds of the inner membrane within mitochondria
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
to synthesize lipids
to bind ligands
to synthesize proteins
to generate energy
True or false: The cytoskeleton is composed of calcium salts.
true
false
Which organelle adds carbohydrate groups to proteins produced at the endoplasmic reticulum?
nucleolus
mitochondrion
ribosome
golgi complex
(a) are the organelles that digest and dispose of worn-out mitochondria and other organelles by a process called autophagy.
Mitochondria extract energy from organic compounds and transfer it to which of the following for use by the cell?
ATP
glucose
fat
enzymes
Which of the following is a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three?
mitochonrion
centriole
lysosome
villus
Which endoplasmic reticulum has tubular, branched cisternae, and lacks ribosomes?
rough
smooth
The Golgi complex packages cellular products that will be exported from the cell into which structures?
digestive vesicles
secretory vesicles
lysosomes
peroxisomes
Which membrane-bound organelle contains a mixture of enzymes that function in digesting foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles?
ribosome
peroxisome
lysosome
golgi complex
The organelle that contains the enzymes necessary to produce ATP for use by the cell is the (a) .
Which organelles participate in cell division?
mitochondria
centrioles
secretory vesicles
centrosomes
The smallest of the cytoskeletal elements are the (a) .
Which cytoskeletal elements resist stresses placed on a cell and participate in junctions that attach some cells to their neighbors?
centrosomes
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
protofilaments
Which three cellular structures contain double and/or triple sets of microtubules?
glycocalyx
flagella
clathrin
centrioles
cilia
Which is an example of a membranous organelle?
basal body
centrosome
ribosome
nucleus
What is the large centrally-located organelle visible with a light microscope called?
golgi complex
nucleolus
mitochondrion
nucleus
centriole
Which elements of the cytoskeleton are about about 6 nm thick and made of actin?
microtubules
microvilli
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
The site of ribosome production in a cell is the (a) .
(a) filaments are thicker and stiffer than microfilaments and participate in cell-to-cell adhesion.
Which membrane-bound organelle is the site of both protein and lipid synthesis?
intracellular vessicles
golgi complex
lysosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
One function of the cytoskeletal elements called (a) , made of protofilaments, is to hold organelles in place.
The nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex are examples of what type of organelles?
membranous
inorganic
non-membranous
extracellular
The organelle characterized by flat sacs studded with ribosomes is the (a) ER.
The organelle which controls cellular activity is the (a) .
Which endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that synthesize steroid hormones?
smooth
plicated
rough
golgi
(a) are the organelles that read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins.
An extensive system of cytoplasmic tubules classified as rough or smooth is called the ______.
golgi complex
endoplasmic reticulum
centrosome
cytoskeleton
The organelle that resembles stacked membranous sacs and is involved in "packaging" is the (a) complex.
Which organelle contains enzymes needed to neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and blood-borne toxins?
lysosome
mitochondrion
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
peroxisome
A cell uses organelles called (a) to get rid of nonfunctional proteins.
Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells store calcium in extensive networks of which organelle?
golgi complex
rough ER
ribosomes
smooth ER
The organelle indicated by the arrow is a(n) (a) .
Where are proteins, such as enzymes, that are to be secreted from the cells produced?
mitochondria
free ribosomes
ribosomes on ER
golgi complex
Which organelle is comprised of stacked cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates?
golgi complex
rough ER
nucleus
smooth ER
Accumulated cell products such as glycogen granules, pigments, and fats are types of (a) .
The membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and oxygen used to oxidize organic material is the (a) .
Most of a cells proteins are broken down by which organelles?
ribosomes
proteasomes
peroxisomes
centrioles
The process by which a cell makes a copy of its DNA, creating two new strands is referred to as which of the following?
initiation
replication
transcription
translation
Which of the following are small granules of RNA and protein that provide a site for protein synthesis?
centrioles
enzymes
ribosomes
glycoproteins
Foreign bodies such as viruses, bacteria, or dust particles that have been phagocytized by the cell form types of _________ within the cytoplasm.
clathrin pits
organelles
lysosomes
inclusions
Which molecules participate in DNA replication?
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase
DNA helicase
ribosomes
DNA
The process by which a cell makes a copy of its DNA so it can give complete and identical copies of all of its genes to each daughter cell is (a) .
During DNA replication, the enzyme DNA (a) opens up a short segment of the helix, exposing its nitrogenous bases.
Exposure to chemicals and radiation may lead to changes in DNA structure called (a)
(a) opens the DNA helix exposing the nitrogenous bases
(a) reads nitrogenous bases and matches them with complementary free nucleotides
(a) joins the newly synthesized segments of DNA
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding DNA during DNA replication?
helicase
ligase
transferase
polymerase
Which phase is an interval between cell division and DNA replication? During this time, a cell synthesizes proteins, grows, and accumulates the materials needed to replicate its DNA in the next phase.
M phase
G0
G1
G2
S Phase
During the cell cycle, G1, S, and G2 collectively make up the phase known as what?
mitosis
telophase
interphase
metaphase
Describe the events that occur during the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle.
A cell synthesizes enzymes that control cell division as well as checks and repairs the newly copied DNA.
A cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA.
The nucleus divides.
A cell leaves the cell cycle and ceases to divide.
Which phase is a short period of time of growth and preparation for mitosis? During that time, the cell produces enzymes that control cell division, and also checks and repairs the newly copied DNA.
S
M
G2
G1
When a cell replicates its nucleus and then pinches in two to form two new daughter cells it is said to be in the M phase, also called the (a) phase, of the cell cycle.
Indicate which of the following is NOT part of interphase.
M
G1
G2
S
True or false: The length of the cell cycle varies from one cell type to another.
true
false
Indicate which of the following statements are true about the G0 phase of the cell cycle.
The duration of this phase is variable (for some cells it may last days, years, or the rest of one's life).
An inability to stop cycling and enter G0 is characteristic of cancer cells.
During this phase a cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA.
During this phase cells leave the cell cycle for a "rest" and cease to divide.
During this phase cells produce the enzymes needed for cell division and also check and repair the newly synthesized DNA.
The form of cell division in which a cell divides once and produces two genetically identical daughter cells is known as (a) .
Which of the following are true regarding the cell cycle?
The cell cycle is programmed and generally takes no more than 1 - 2 hours.
Some cells like stomach and skin cells divide rapidly.
Some cells leave the cell cycle for a "rest" and cease to divide for days, years, or the rest of one's life.
Indicate which of the following are functions of mitosis.
it allows development of an individual, composed of some 50 trillion cells, from a one-celled fertilized egg
it produces gametes like eggs or sperm cells
it allows growth of all tissues and organs after birth
it replaces the cells that die with new ones
it repairs damaged tissues
Indicate which of the following events occur during prophase of mitosis. Select all that apply.
centrioles are pushed apart
nuclear envelope disappears
chromosomes condense
chromosomes migrate to opposite poles
spindle fibers grow from the centrioles
Which of the following occurs during anaphase?
chromosomes are gathered at the poles of the cell
chromosomes align along the center or equator of the cell
daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell
centrioles migrate to the poles of the cell
Select the statements that describe telophase.
DNA is replicated
centrioles migrate to the poles of the cell
chromosomes align along the center of the cell
chromatids cluster on each side of the cell
a nuclear envelope reappears
Cytokinesis is the division of the cell's (a) to form two cells.
What is a cleavage furrow?
an assembly of microtubules, which function in the formation of the spindle apparatus during cell division
an indentation between the future cells that forms as cytokinesis progresses
a specialized structure on the centromere to which the microtubular spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis
a centriole-containing region of cytoplasm adjacent to the cell nucleus
The chromosomes are seen as fully aligned on the cell equator during which phase of mitosis?
prophase
anaphase
metaphase
telophase
True or false: Cells start dividing when they snugly contact neighboring cells or when growth factors are withdrawn.
true
false
Daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
prophase
interphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Cell division is stimulated by ___________ and suppressed by __________.
cell number; growth factors
cell size; contact inhibition
growth factors; contact inhibition
contact inhibition; cytokinesis
Cyclins and Cdks are families of proteins that help regulate which of the following?
the cell cycle
anaerobic respiration
protein synthesis
membrane transport
When do cells divide?
when neighboring cells die, opening up space in a tissue to be occupied by new cells
when they have replicated their DNA, to they can give each daughter cell a duplicate set of genes
when they snugly contact neighboring cells or when nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn
when they grow large enough to have enough cytoplasm to distribute their two daughter cells
Cells stop (a) when they snugly contact neighboring cells (contact inhibition) or when nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn.
At three specific checkpoints during the cell cycle a cyclin binds to a Cdk and activates a series of reactions that allow the cell to move on to the next phase. When in the cell cycle do these checkpoints occur?
between the S and G2 phases
late in the G2 phase
at the end of metaphase
at the end of prophase
during the G1 phase
(a) are the organelles that digest and dispose of worn-out mitochondria and other organelles by a process called autophagy.
What is the general name for the network of structures within the cytoplasm which support the cell, determine its shape, and participate in movement?
rough ER
golgi apparatus
nucleus
cytoskeleton
The fine thread-like genetic material (the form of DNA) found within the nucleus of a non-dividing cell is called (a)
