HEART SEPTUM :
Wall of muscle that (a)   the heart into right and left sides.

HEART CHAMBERS :
Work to (a)   blood.

HEART VALVES :
Control (a)   by opening and closing.

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES :
between the (a)   and ventricles

SEMILUNAR VALVES :
between the (a)   and their attached vessels

DIASTOLE = (a)  

(a)   phases of each heartbeat

atria and ventricles contract, all chambers (a)  

Heart beats produced “lub-dub” sound as the (a)   of the heart close

SYSTOLE = (a)  

THE PULMONARY CIRCUIT
1. Heart and (a)  

THE PULMONARY CIRCUIT
2. deoxygenated blood from body → right atrium → right ventricle → (a)   → right and left pulmonary arteries → lungs

PULMONARY CIRCUIT
3. Blood passes through (a)  

PULMONARY CIRCUIT
4. Carbon dioxide is given off , (a)   is picked up

PULMONARY CIRCUIT
5. oxygen-rich blood returns to heart through (a)  

SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
1. (a)   and the rest of the body

SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT :
2. (a)   from the left atrium → left ventricle → aorta, branches into major arteries to the upper body.

SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT :
3. Then down through the thoracic cavity → (a)   → renal arteries (kidneys), suprarenal arteries (adrenal glands), and iliac arteries (pelvis and lower limbs).

CORONARY CIRCULATION SYSTEM :
Specialized part that supplies oxygen-rich blood directly to the (a)  

CORONARY ARTERIES
right and left branch off from the base of the ascending (a)  

CARDIAC VEIN :
blood collection at (a)  

CARDIAC VEINS :
empty deoxygenated blood from myocardium → the right (a)  

CORONARY ARTERIES :
carriers oxygenated blood → (a)  

SINOATRIAL NODE :
1. (a)   pacemaker of heart

SINOATRIAL NODE :
2. At the wall of the (a)  

SINOATRIAL NODE :
3. Initiates (a)   causing atria to contract.

ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE :
1. in between of the atria and (a)  

ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE :
2. Receives impulses and (a)   to ensure atria fully contract.

ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE :
3. Then, passes to ventricles via the (a)   and Purkinje fibers

CIRCULATORY FLUID :
Two main components :
1. Blood
2. (a)  

BLOOD :
red fluid made of cells and plasma, responsible for (a)   in the system

RED BLOOD CELLS :
assist transportation of (a)  

PLATELETS
helps in (a)  

PLASMA :
carries nutrients, (a)   , waste, and other cells throughout the body

WHITE BLOOD CELLS :
or protection against (a)   and diseases

NEUTROPHILS :
first respond by (a)  

EOSINOPHILS :
fight parasites and help (a)  

LYMPHOCYTES :
includes B cells and (a)   cells

BASOPHILS :
release (a)   during allergic responses

MONOCYTES :
(a)   to dead cells and germs

LYMPH :
clear, yellowish fluids in (a)   , returns excess tissue fluid → blood

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM :
Network of vessels, nodes, and organs that maintain fluid balance, defend against infections, and absorb (a)   from the digestive system.

COMPONENTS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM :
Lymph fluids originates as interstitial fluid, which consist of (a)   , lymphocytes, proteins, lipids/fats, cell debris, waste, and other immune cells.

FUNCTION OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM :
1. Maintain (a)   : returns excess fluid to bloodstream

FUNCTION OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM :
2. Supports (a)   : carries lymphocytes

FUNCTION OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM :
3. Remove (a)   : collect and transport waste to lymph nodes

FUNCTION OF LYMPATIC SYSTEM :
4. Transports (a)   : carries fats to bloodstream

LYMPH ORGANS :
(a)   are small, bean-shaped structures found along the lymphatic vessels.

FUNCTION LYMPH ORGANS :
1. Filter lymph fluid : removes (a)  

FUNCTION OF LYMPH ORGANS :
2. Supports (a)   : house white blood cells

FUNCTION LYMPH ORGANS :
3. Trap (a)   : trap/slow the spread through it's system

STRUCTURE OF TONSILS :
Small masses of (a)  

TYPE OF TONSILS
1. (a)  
2. pharyngeal (adenoids)
3. lingual tonsils.

FUNCTION OF TONSILS :
1. Trap, destroy (a)   and viruses that enter through the mouth or nose.

FUNCTION OF TONSILS :
2. Provide early immune response, especially in (a)  

STRUCTURE OF SPLEEN :
(a)   , oval organ

TWO MAIN TISSUE OF SPLEEN :
1. (a)   pulp
2. white pulp

FUNCTION OF SPLEEN :
1. Filter and (a)   blood

FUNCTION OF SPLEEN :
2. Response to blood-borne (a)  

FUNCTION OF SPLEEN :
3. Removes worn-out (a)   and platelets

FUNCTION OF SPLEEN :
4. Stores (a)  

STRUCTURE OF THYMUS :
(a)   -lobed organ

FUNCTION OF THYMUS :
1. Site where (a)   cells mature and become active

FUNCTION OF THYMUS :
2. Produce (a)   such as thymosin that promote T cells development

STRUCTURE OF BONE MARROW :
Soft, spongy tissue inside of (a)  

FUCTION OF BONE MARROW :
1. Produce (a)  

FUNCTION OF BONE MARROW :
2. Site where (a)   cells mature

STRUCTURE OF PEYER'S PATCH
(a)   of lymphoid tissue

FUNCTION OF PEYER'S PATCH :
1. monitor and respond to (a)  

FUNCTION OF PEYER'S PATCH :
2. help to produce immune response in the (a)  

Other name for HEART ATTACK: (a)  

HEART ATTACK :
1. cholesterol-containing plague / buildup of fat that (a)   the blood stream

HEART ATTACK :
2. It disrupts blood flow in arteries causes tissues in the (a)   to die.

SYMPTOMS OF HEART ATTACK :
1. (a)   / discomfort

SYMPTOMS OF HEART ATTACK :
2. pain in other areas; left arm, back, neck, jaw or (a)  

SYMPTOM OF HEART ATTACK :
3. shortness of (a)  

SYMPTOM OF HEART ATTACK :
4. cold sweat, nausea / (a)  

SYMPTOM OF HEART ATTACK :
5. light-headedness, sudden (a)  

STROKE :
1. interruption of (a)   to part of the brain

STROKE :
2. Ischemic stroke (blocked (a)   )

STROKE :
3. Hemorrhagic stroke (burst (a)   )

SYMPTOM OF STROKE :
1. face paralysis, weak arm / (a)  

SYMPTOM OF STROKE :
2. Speech (a)   / strange ( trouble speaking )

Other name for hypertension : (a)  

HYPERTENSION :
forces of blood pushing against (a)   consistently too high due to (mostly) unhealthy lifestyle.

SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTENSION :
1. (a)  
2. blurred vision
3. nosebleeds

SYMPTOM OF HYPERTWNSION :
4. (a)  
5. fatigue / confusion

HUMAN RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE :
1. Main organ : (a)  

HUMAN RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE :
2. (a)   branches into two main bronchus/bronchi.

HUMAN RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE :
3. Further into smaller tubes; (a)  

HUMAN RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE :
4. Each ends in a cluster of microscopic (a)   ; alveolus/alveoli

STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION OF ALVEOLUS :
1. Small size, high number present : for larger (a)  

STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION OF ALVEOLUS :
2. Thin wall : for quick and easy (a)   of gases

STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION OF ALVEOLUS :
3. Moist wall allows respiratory gases to (a)   easily

STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION OF ALVEOLUS :
4. Rich supplied with blood capillaries to increase the rate of diffusion and (a)   of gases

EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE :
1. During inhalation, oxygen is (a)   in alveoli than blood. Oxygen diffuse into blood capillary.

EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE :
2. Carbon dioxide is higher in blood capillary than alveoli. Carbon dioxide diffuse into alveoli and gets (a)   out

EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE :
3. Oxygen is higher in (a)   than tissues, Oxygen diffuse into the tissue

EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND BLOOD CAPILLARY :
4. Carbon dioxide is higher in (a)   than in blood capillary. Carbon dioxide diffuse into blood.

TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN HUMAN :
1. (a)   % O2 in blood transported by Hb in the form of HBO₂

TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN HUMAN :
2. Another 2% dissolved in (a)   , transported by it

TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN HUMAN :
1. 7% of the CO₂ → (a)  

TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN HUMAN :
2. 23% of the CO₂ + Hb → HbCO₂. It then breaks down, releasing (a)   → alveoli

TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN HUMAN :
3. 70% of excess CO₂ → red blood cells, + H₂O → H₂CO₃, then move → plasma. Dissolved CO₂ → alveolar (a)  

MEDULLA OBLONGATA :
controls respiration to cause breathing to occur by sending (a)   → respiratory muscles

RESPIRATORY CENTERS IN BRAINSTEM :
1. Medulla oblongata
2. (a)  

CHEMORECEPTOR :
2. Central chemoreceptor : detect (a)   levels in pH changes

CHEMORECEPTORS IN RESPIRATORY CONTROL SYSTEM :
1. Central chemoreceptor
2. (a)   chemoreceptor

CHEMORECEPTOR :
1. Central chemoreptor: in the (a)  

CHEMORECEPTOR :
4. Peripheral chemoreceptor : detect low oxygen / pH, high carbon dioxide levels in (a)  

CHEMORECEPTOR :
3. Peripheral chemoreceptor : in carotid and (a)  

PNEUMONIA :
lung(s) infection causes (a)   fill up with fluid/pus

PNEUMONIA SYMPTOMS :
1. Fever / chills
2. shortness of breath, rapid breathing
3. (a)  

PNEUMONIA SYMPTOMS :
4. (a)  
5. fatigue / weakness

TREATMENT FOR PNEUMONIA :
Can be treated by (a)   for bacterial, antiviral medicine, or antifungal medications.

EMPHYSEMA :
long-term exposure to airborne irritants damaging (a)   , inner walls become weaken and rupture.

SYMPTOMS OF EMPHYSEMA :
1. (a)  
2. chronic cough, wheezing
3. ongoing fatigue, trouble sleeping

TREATMENT FOR EMPHYSEMA :
1. Can be managed by medication such bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics, or (a)   .

TREATMENT FOR EMPHYSEMA :
2. (a)   smoking, avoid secondhand smoke and air pollutant, wear protection from chemical fumes, varnish, paint/dust.

ASTHMA :
Major noncommunicable disease (NCD) that makes airways narrow, swell, and blocked due to producing of (a)  

SYMPTOMS OF ASTHMA :

1. 1. shortness of breath
   2. (a)   , whistling, wheezing
   3. chest tightness / pain

TREATMENT FOR ASTHMA :
Salbutamol inhaler, inhaled corticosteroids, avoid known asthma triggers such airborne substances, air conditions cold and (a)   .