WorksheetsBio (Glial Cells, Excitable Cells & Synapses)
Total questions: 131
Worksheet time: 7hrs 33mins
The point where you muscles and nervous system meet is called...
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
Neuron-Muscle Synapse (NMS)
Lacerti's Synapse (LS)
Somatotropic Junction (STJ)
The human nervous system is compromised of what cells?
Neurons and Glia
Neurons
Neurons and Somatic cells
Neurons and Astrocytes
How many neurons are found in the brain?
100 million
100 billion
10 billion
Too many to count
Who discovered that the nervous system is made up of individual cells?
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Camillo Golgi
Gregor Mendel
Karl Wernicke
Which of these is NOT found in a neuron?
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
These are all present in a neuron
Which of these is true about neurons?
Neurons do not undergo mitosis
Neurons require a lot of oxygen and glucose
Neurons can only synapse to one other nueron
Neurons can synthesize protien
What are the small protrusions found on neuronal dendrites?
Dendritic tails
Dendritic hooks
Dendritic branches
Dendritic spines
Which of these brings information towards a structure?
Afferent axons
Efferent axons
Interneurons
Antiproximal Axons
Where does a motor neuron keep its soma?
In muscles and fibers
In somatic ganglia
In the spinal cord
In peripheral nervous ganglia
How many cells in the brain are glial cells?
None
Half
Less than a quater
Two thirds
Which of these is a type of glial cell?
Oligodendrocyte
Endepindictimal Cells
Swanson Cells
Arachnocytes
What does an Astrocyte do?
Absorb and release neurotransmitters
Structural support
Surround blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier
Increase supply of oxygen and glucose
Can scar to heal damaged area
What forms the blood-brain barrier?
Endothelial cells wrapped around blood vessels and supported by Astrocyte feet
Apollophinal cells converging at Sanguine junctions to bond with Astrocyte fingers
Sychonometric Epithellium dilluting the the membrane cleft
Blood capillaries decussating at Glial junctions at the level of the Meninges
What is the purpose for the blood-brain barrier?
To protect the brain from bacteria and viruses while allowing transport of glucose and oxygen
To block any and all non-neuronal entities from enering the brain
To protect blood vessels from acidic cerebrospinal fluid
To remove non-essential waste from the brain
What does a Schwann cell do?
Myelinate axons in the PNS
Myelinate axons in the CNS
Supports production of astrocytes
Provides neurons with much needed nutrients
What two glial cells are involved in Myelination?
Microglia and Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes and Schwann cells
Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
Please, for the love of all that is holy, what is a Microglia?
A glial cell that removes waste and viruses in the CNS, can be rammified or amoeboid
Any glial cell smaller than an astrocyte, can be ramenised or noodelated
A glial cell involved in structure and support, can be hottified or dogginoid
Any glial cell smaller than 2μm, can be spaginoid or bolognified
Hey man, what is Saltatory Conduction?
Conduction of sodium ions across unmyelinated neurons
Conduction of electricity across neurons in the CNS
Propagation of action potentials from one node of Ranvier to the next
What two types of glial cells form the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes and Endothelial cells
Endothelial cells and Ependymal cells
Ependymal cells and Microglia
Microglia and Astrocytes
What does an Ependymal cell do?
Secrete CSF from the Choroid Plexus
Support and structure neurons in the brain
Form around blood vessels in the blood-brain barrier
All of the above
What cell is responsible for the secretion of Cerebrospinal Fluid?
Introspinaglial cells
Endothelial cells
Ependymal cells
Radial glia
What does a Radial Glia do?
Forms other glial cells within the brain
Guides the migration and growth of axons during brain development
Links with other Radial Glia to form support structures in the brain
Serves as a intermediate messenger between neurons and Astrocytes
Which is an Excitable cell?
Any cell in the brain or heart
Any cell capable of generating action potentials
Myocytes (muscle cells) and Endocrine cells
Any cell with a net negative charge
Sodium, Potassium and Calcium are...
Cations
Anions
Positrons
Electrons
With regards to neurons, Chloride is a/an...
Anion found in Intracellular fluid
Cation found in Intracellular fluid
Anion found in Extracellular fluid
Cation found in Intracellular fluid
A neuron's resting membrane potential (Em) is....
-60mV
-50mV
-70mV
-80mV
An ions membrane permeability increases with...
High lipid solubility and small molecular size
Low lipid solubility and large molecular size
High membrane solubility and low molecular solubility
High number of lipid solubles in a molecular membrane
Channel proteins...
Open to create a water filled pore
Carry any molecule across a membrane
Carry a specific molecule across a membrane
Carry multiple specific molecules across a membrane at once
What is love?
Baby don't hurt me
Don't hurt me
No more
Which transporter can exist in an open or closed state?
Open channel
Carrier protein
Gated channel
G-Protein coupled receptor
Which Carrier Protein can only transport one substrate across a membrane?
Uniport Carrier
Single channel protein
Antiport Carrier
Single Port Carrier
An Antiport Carrier...
Carriers two kinds of substrate across a membrane
Carries any kind of substrate across a membrane
Carries substrates in opposite directions across a membrane
Carries substrates out of the membrane
A Voltage-gated channel's permeability...
Depends on the potential difference across the membrane
Depends on the presence of the ion it is permeable to
Only increases when the membrane is hyperpolarized
What does a Ligand do?
Binds to a channel protein to open it
Activates voltage gated cannels
Binds to carrier proteins to inactivate them
All of the above
An negative ion passing through an open membrane channel into a positive cell is...
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion through phospholipid bilayer
Active transport
Passive transport
What causes an electrical gradient?
An unequal distribution of positive and negative ions inside and outside the cell
An equal distribution of positive and negative ions inside and outside the cell
An equal number of ions inside and outside the cell
What causes a concentration gradient?
Too many different ions inside the cell
Not enough variation of ions outside the cell, compared to inside the cell
A difference between the amount of a specific ion inside the cell verses outside the cell
When all ions within the cell and outside the cell are the same
If a cell has 50 Cl- ions inside and 100 Cl- ions outside, and an open channel is created, how many Chloride ions will enter the cell?
(a)
Theoretically: If a -10mV cell attracts Q+ inside it, through an open channel, but the Q+ doesn't flow inside the cell because there are already a lot of Q+ ions inside the cell, the Equilibrium Potential of Q+ must be...
-10mV
-100mV
Positive
+10mV
Assuming a membrane is fully permeable to single ion, what can we use to calculate that ion's Equilibrium Potential?
Nearnst Equation
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation
Silverman-Hodgkin-Kuntz Equation
Fearnst Equation
What does the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation calculate?
Equilibrium Potential of a single ion
Equilibrium Potential of multiple ions
Resting Potential of a cell permeable to one ion
Resting Potential of a cell permeable to multiple ions
What does an ATPase pump do?
Mantains a cells K+ and Na+ concentration gradients
Transports 3 K+ out of the cell and 2 Na+ into the cell
Transports 2 K+ into the cell and 3 Na+ out of the cell
Uses ATP
Makes a cell more positive
A cell's resting potential is -70mV due to...
It being more permeable to positive K+ than other ions
It being less permeable to positive K+ ions
It being more permeable to positive Na+ ions
It being impermeable to any positive ions
Who let the dogs out?
Who
Who
Who-who-who
Assuming a membrane is fully permeable to single ion, what can we use to calculate that ion's Equilibrium Potential?
Nearnst Equation
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation
Silverman-Hodgkin-Kuntz Equation
Fearnst Equation
Why do Sodium Potassium pumps require energy?
Because all carrier proteins require energy
Because it carriers Na+ against the electrical gradient
Because it carries K+ into a positively charged cell
Because it must find rare Na+ ions before it can carry them outside the cell
Which of these has no role in deciding a cell membranes Resting Potential?
Concentration gradients for K+, Na+ and Ca++ across the membrane
The membrane's relative permeability to K+, Na+ and Ca++
Ion pumps that add or remove K+, Na+ and Ca++ from the cell
The the cell's cytoplasmic pH levels relative to the extracellular fluid
When a cell goes from -70mV to -80mV it is being...
Depolarized
Hyperpolarized
Unpolarized
Polar bears
At equilibrium...
There is a constant flow of ions in/out of the cell, with no net changes in voltage
There is a constant flow of ions in/out of the cell, with the voltage in constant fluctuation
There is no flow of ions in/out of the cell and therefore no net changes in voltage
There is no flow of ions in/out of the cell, with the voltage in constant fluctuation
The speed of nerve impulses...
Ranges from 1 m/s to 100 m/s
Ranges from 1 mph to 100 mph
Is constant, except between neurons in the brain
Differs widely from person to person
What is the Threshold of Excitation?
The level depolarization must reach for an action potential to occur
The level hyperpolarization much reach for an action potential to occur
The voltage of a cell when not being stimulated
The action potential threshold is the same for all cells
True
False
Chicken sandwich
What is a neuron's Relative Refractory Period?
The moment after an action potential fires when a neuron is hyperpolarized
The moment before an action potential fires when a neuron is hyperpolarized
The moment after an action potential fires when a neuron is depolarized
The moment after an action potential fires when a neuron is depolarized
A neuron cannot fire an action potential while in the Relative Refractory Period
True
False
Chicken sandwich
A neuron can fire a new action potential during the Absolute Refractory Period if the stimulus is strong enough
True
False
Chicken sandwich
Which happens first, the Relative Refractory Period or the Absolute Refractory Period?
Absolute Refractory Period
Relative Refractory Period
They happen simultaneously
After Depolarization, the cell returns to it's negative state when...
K+ ions flow out of the cell
Na+ ions flow out of the cell
Cl- ions flow into the cell
Chicken sandwich
What restores a cell's original distribution of ions after an Action Potential?
Sodium-Potassium pumps
Potassium-Chloride pumps
Chloride-Sodium pumps
Potassium-Chloride pumps
BONUS ROUND: ATP turns to ADP when...
It looses a Phosphate
It gains a Phosphate
It looses a Calcium
It gains a Calcium
During leg surgery, what effect would a local anaesthetic drug have on neurons?
Block sodium channels in neurons in the leg to prevent action potentials from occurring
Halt the intake of K+ into neurons in the leg to prevent action potentials from occuring
Block interneurons in the spinal cord from relaying with the brain so pain is not perceived
Block interneurons in the brainstem from recognizing incoming pain signals
Which part of a Motor/Inter Neuron contains the most voltage-gated ion channels?
Node of Ranvier
Dendrite branches
Membrane of the soma
Axon's Initial Segment
Which part of a motor/inter Neuron is known as the "Trigger Zone"?
The tip of the axon
The axon's cell body
The initial segment
The post-synaptic membrane
What is the function of Back Propagation?
Long term potentiation and plasticity
Increasing speed at which action potentials fire
Maximising the neuron's efficiency
It is an after-effect of a neuron firing and serves no function
All action potentials are equal in intensity and speed within a given neuron
True
False
Chicken sandwich
Where is the "Trigger Zone" of a Sensory Neuron located?
At the axon hillock
In the cell body
Where the receptor joins the axon
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
A disease in which the myelin sheathe is destroyed
A disease in which the Meninges of the brain becomes inflamed
A disease in which the brain itself becomes infected
A disease in which a neuron's synapses are damaged or destroyed
Local neurons...
Have no axons and can only exchange information with close neighbors
Produce only graded potentials
Are difficult to study due to their small size
Help! I'm in the wrong question!
Here's one: What do you call a neuron with no axon?
Local neuron
Non-axonal neuron
Intermediate neuron
I don't know, what do you call a neuron with no axon?
What's unique about Graded Potentials when compared to Action Potentials?
Their amplitude is proportional to the stimulus
They can sum together
They only travel in one direction
They are unaffected by the intensity of the stimulus
For a single Graded Potential to cause an Action Potential it must...
Be strong enough to reach the trigger zone and depolarise it beyond it's threshold
Be quick enough to reach the other end of the Axon before it dissipates
Be accurate enough to repropagate itself by reverberating on the membrane walls
Be powerful enough to arrive at the axon hillock and hyperpolarize it beyond it's threshold
_______ is the combined effect of quickly repeated stimulation at a single synapse
Temporal Summation
Spatial Summation
Chicken sandwich
Spatial summation. What that is?
The summation of concurrent stimulations at several synapses onto one neuron
The combination of quickly repeated stimuli at a single synapse
The summation of simultaneous graded potentials onto multiple neurons
The summation of multiple synapses firing simultaneously unto multiple neurons
What's the main character from Avatar called?
Jake Sully
Bill Rover
Tom Hook
James Colt
Who discovered synapses?
Charles Scott Sherington
Ramon Cajal
Gregor Mendel
Carl Wernicke
What led to the discovery of the synapse?
A frog's heart communicating with another frog's heart in a solution
Observations of reflexes and their speed
Invention of a dye that allowed scientists to observe the branching nature of neurons
The cross breeding of various species of pea
Why is a reflex slower than conduction across a single axon?
Synaptic delay
Reflexive pause
Spinal relay
Neurotransmitter release
What is an EPSP?
A graded potential that can sum to trigger an AP in the post synaptic cell
A graded potential that can sum to trigger an AP in the pre synaptic cell
An action potential that can trigger further APs in the pre synaptic cell
An action potential that can trigger further APs in the post synaptic cell
What can hyperpolarise a cell to make it less sensitive to incoming stimulus?
Inhibitory post synaptic potentials
Excitatory post synaptic potentials
Excitatory action potentials
Inhibitory action potentials
What serves as a "break" to supress neuron excitation?
IPSPs
EPSPs
ISPSs
ESPSs
A neuron may produce action potentials even when there is no stimulus
True
False
Chicken sandwich
IPSPs may decrease a neuron's Spontaneous Firing Rate
True
False
Sautéed mushrooms
Which of these is not a real variety of synapse?
Axoaxonic synapse
Axodendritic synapse
Axocytoplasmic synapse
Axosomatic synapse
Axosecretory synapse
Label Synapse B
Axoaxonic synapse
Axosomatic synapse
Axodendritic synapse
Axosynaptic synapse
Kindly label Synapse B
Axosecretory Synapse
Axodendritic Synapse
Axoextracellular Synapse
Axoaxonic Synapse
Synapse A, what that is?
Axodendritic Synapse
Axoaxonic Synapse
Dendrodendritic Synapse
Axosecretory Synapse
How were neurotransmitters discovered?
Otto Loewi's vagus nerve to heart experiment
Gregor Mendel's pea pods experiment
Charles S. Sherrington's dog reflex arc experiment
Dick Kuntz's crocodile heartbreak experiment
All synapses transmit chemicals known as neurotransmitters to each other
True
False
Kanye West in a slice of wholewheat bread
Which of these is true about Electrical Synapses?
They are slower than chemical synapses
They rely on gap junctions and direct contact with the other cell membrane
Depolarisation occurs in one cell first, followed by the other
Depolarisation occurs in both cells simultaneously
Kindly label A.
Synaptic cleft
Axodendritic synapse
Electrical synapse
Gap Junction Channel
If Electrical Synapses are faster, why do Chemical Synapses exist?
Chemical synapses have a function in brain plasticity
Chemical synapses have a function in regulation
Chemical synapses allow two cells to depolarize at the same time, acting as one
Electrical Synapses rely on G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) to send a message from one cell to the other
True
False
Pizza hat
Most synapses in mammals are...
Chemical
Electrical
Synaptical
Imaginary
What is this illustration an example of?
Tripartite synapse
Astrodendritic synapse
Quadpartite synapse
Synaptic triplet
What does this picture depict?
Quad-partite synapse
Tri-partite synapse
Viruses infecting a synapse
None of the these
In an Anterograde synaptic transmission, the information will be transmitted...
From the post-synaptic membrane to the pre-synaptic membrane
From the pre-synaptic membrane to the post-synaptic membrane
Where are neurotransmitters synthesised?
Axon terminal
Cell body
Along the axon
They are found, not synthesised
What is the function of Calmodulin in a synapse?
It binds with Ca++ to create a complex which triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter
It increases the sensitivity of the axon terminal
It binds to receptor proteins in the post-synaptic membrane
It synthesises neurotransmitter in the pre-synaptic terminal
G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are examples of....
Ionotropic receptors
Metabotropic receptors
Metamorphic receptors
Dendronic receptors
What is an Autoreceptor?
A receptor on the presynaptic membrane that responds to the transmitter that the neuron releases
A receptor on the postsynaptic membrane that responds to any neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
A receptor on an astrocyte that responds to a transmitter released by the pre-synaptic neuron
What is the amount of neurotransmitter released by a single vessicle?
10μg
100μg
1 quantum
1 decem
In West Philadelphia...
Born and raised
On a playground
Is where I spent
Most of my days
What are 4 ways a neurotransmitter can be inactivated?
Diffusion, degradation, reuptake, astrocyte uptake
Dispersion, destruction, inactivation, astrocyte transmission
Dilution, demonstration, reintegration, astrocyte respiration
Confusion, elation, resignation, astrocyte celebration
_____ is the process in which the presynaptic neuron absorbs most of the neurotransmitter molecules and reuses them
Reuptake
Recycling
Reintake
Reintegration
What is the process in which enzymes break up neurotransmitter into it's fundamental parts
Degradation
Difusion
Destruction
Decussation
What is the effect of cocaine and amphetamine?
Increasing the release of dopamine from the presynaptic terminal
Decreasing the release of dopamine from the presynaptic terminal
Decreasing the reuptake of dopamine from the postsynaptic terminal
Increasing the reuptake of dopamine from the postsynaptic terminal
How does a synapse accomplish negative feedback?
Auto-receptors detect the amount of transmitter released and inhibit further release
After stimulation, the postsynaptic terminal releases chemicals that travel to receptors in the pre-synapse and inhibit further release
Before stimulation, the presynaptic terminal decides how much transmitter to release and only releases that amount
The postsynaptic terminal sends a signal to the CNS, which is relayed back to the presynaptic terminal to inhibit further release
What are Cannabinoids? (link the 2 correct statements)
Neurotransmitters released from the Postsynaptic terminal that bind to receptors on the Presynaptic terminal...
Neurotransmitters released from the Presynaptic terminal that bind to receptors on the Postsynaptic terminal...
...in order to promote the release of GABA and Glutamate
...in order to inhibit the release of GABA and Glutamate
Cannabinoids can inhibit...
Excitatory signals
Inhibitory signals
Both
Wait...what was the question ?
Amino Acids, Monoamines, Neuropeptides, Purines, Gasses and Fatty Acids are examples of...
Protein channels
Transporters
Neurotransmitters
Polypeptides
Monoamines can be spit into...
Indoleamines and Cathecolamines
Indianamines and Jonesamines
Rickamines and Mortimines
Pizellamines and Ricottamines
Neurons 1.)______ neurotransmitters from substances 2.)_______
1. Find
1. Synthesize
2. Naturally found in the body
2. Provided by the diet
Tryptophan is a precursor for...
Serotonin
Dopamine
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Acetylcholine
Which is a precursor for Adrenaline (Epinephrine)?
Dopa
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Choline
Tryptophan
Neuropeptides effect which kind of receptor?
Metabotropic
Ionotropic
Deceptaconic
Autobotic
Which of these statements is true of Neuropeptides
Release requires repeated stimulation
They are diffused to various parts of the brain
They are synthesised in the cell body
Their effects can last a long time
They are synthesised in the axon terminal
Which of these is a Lipid Transmitter?
Endocannabinoids
Anandamide and 2-AG
Endorphin
Acetylcholine
Gaseous transmitters are made in advance and stored in synaptic vesicles
True
False
Chicken noodle soup
Zinc can be classified as a Neurotransmitter
True
False
Chicken and rice
The effect of a neurotransmitter depends on...
Its receptor on the postsynaptic cell
The amount of transmitter released
The speed at which the transmitter crosses the synaptic cleft
The amount of enzymes in the synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter receptors are...
Chemically regulated channels
Mechanically regulated channels
Voltage regulated channels
Where are Heteroreceptors and Autoreceptors found?
Pre-Synaptic Terminal
Post-Synaptic Terminal
Both
G-Protein Coupled Receptors are...
Ionotropic Receptors
Metabotropic Receptors
Massimotropic Receptors
What is another word for Down Regulation?
Desensitization
Supersensitivity
Up Regulation
GPCR may use cAMP as a second messenger for what purpose?
Making the membrane more positive to increase excitability
Immediately firing an Action Potential
Transducing a stimulus into an Action Potential as quickly as possible
Depending on the G-protein, the same neurotransmitter can elicit different responses
True
False
Eggs benedict with chives
What occurs when a neurotransmitter attaches to receptors and immediately opens ion channels?
Metabotropic effects
Ionotropic effects
Catecholamine effects
Indoleamine effects
Which of these behaviours is caused by a Metabotropic receptor?
Hunger
Taste
Smell
Pain
What is a G-Protein Coupled Receptor coupled with?
GDP when inactive and GTP when activated
GTP when inactive and GDP when activated
GPS when inactive GWS when activated
GMO when inactive GMT when activated
What transmitter binds to Adrenergic receptors?
Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
Acetylcholine
GABA
2-AG
What 2 receptors can Acetylcholine bind to?
Muscarinic receptors
Nicotinic receptors
Adrenergic receptors
Serotonergic receptors
What receptors can Cannabinoids bind to?
CB1 and CB2
1 CR and 2 CR
Muscarinic and Nicotinic
Cheechic and Chongic
