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WorksheetsMolecular Biology & Diagnostics Lecture
Total questions: 135
Worksheet time: 1hrs 8mins
Which of the following is also known as chain terminator method and needs a single-stranded DNAs to start the sequencing?
Chemical Sequencing
Sanger Sequencing
Bisulfite DNA sequencing
Pyrosequencing
Which of the following is not a function of bioinformatics?
determines gene and protein functions
establishes evolutionary relationships
predicts the three-dimensional shapes of proteins
used to detect methylated nucleotides
These are the products from the binding of primers onto each other (mispriming) through short homologies at their 3' end and the copying of each primer sequence:
Primer dimers
Primers
RT-PCR primer
multiplex PCR
Which of the following is the ideal temperature and time for extension stage in the PCR cycle?
90-97°C for 20-60s
50-70°C for 20-90s
65-75°C for 10-60s
55-65°C for 20-60s
The following S. pneumoniae variant to Griffith's laboratory experiment results:
able to kill the animal host
mixture of live R strain and heat-killed S strain bacteria
mutant, non-capsulated, avirulent R strain bacteria
wild-type, capsulated, virulent strain S strain bacteria
heat-killed strain S bacteria
The following S. pneumoniae variant to Griffith's laboratory experiment results:
successfully killed the animal host
mixture of live R strain and heat-killed S strain bacteria
mutant, non-capsulated, avirulent R strain bacteria
wild-type, capsulated, virulent strain S strain bacteria
heat-killed strain S bacteria
The following S. pneumoniae variant to Griffith's laboratory experiment results:
unable to kill the host
mixture of live R strain and heat-killed S strain bacteria
mutant, non-capsulated, avirulent R strain bacteria
wild-type, capsulated, virulent strain S strain bacteria
heat-killed strain S bacteria
The following S. pneumoniae variant to Griffith's laboratory experiment results:
could no longer killed the animal host
mixture of live R strain and heat-killed S strain bacteria
mutant, non-capsulated, avirulent R strain bacteria
wild-type, capsulated, virulent strain S strain bacteria
heat-killed strain S bacteria
Which of the following refers to the process of creating a hybrid molecule between an unlabeled and labeled strands?
Hybridization
Electrophoresis
Restriction
Banding
What is the effect if there is too high Mg2+ concentration in the PCR buffer?
high yield of primer dimers
low yield of primer dimers
low enzyme efficiency
high enzyme efficiency
What type of buffer solution is used for RBC lysis and WBC preparation?
hypertonic buffer
hypotonic buffer
isotonic buffer
neutral buffer
Templates with high GC content and secondary structure may cause vey low PCR optimization.
True
False
Which of the following illustrations best describes the law of dominance?
What is the approximate cycle threshold of the CY5 channel (yellow fluorescence) in the given amplification plot?
26.91
42.10
38.28
23.23
This method happens when the target amplification and detection steps occur simultaneously in the same tube:
Real-Time PCR
Reverse-Transcriptase PCR
Digital PCR
NASBA
Which of the following occurs when the change of codons does not affect the amino acid product?
Conservative Mutation
Silent Mutation
Missense Mutation
Nonsense Mutation
Which of the following happens when two parallel strands stick together and somehow produce another daughter helix with two complementary new strands?
Dispersive replication
Semiconservative replication
Conservative replication
Nonconservative replication
Which of the following can be performed to prevent mispriming?
application of hot-start PCR
choose primers that are very specific only to the target
avoid primers that have sequence complementary to internal sequences of the intended product
make sure the primer anneal to opposite DNA strands of your targets with their 3' ends directed toward each other.
Mendel's law of inheritance to its principle:
describes how different genes independently separate from one another
law of dominance
law of segregation
law of independent assortment
None of the above
Mendel's law of inheritance to its principle:
describes how one allele can dominate the characteristics of another allele
law of dominance
law of segregation
law of independent assortment
None of the above
Mendel's law of inheritance to its principle:
occurs when only one allele from the parent could pass to its offspring
law of dominance
law of segregation
law of independent assortment
None of the above
Mendel's law of inheritance to its principle:
describes how one allele is separated into reproductive cells
law of dominance
law of segregation
law of independent assortment
None of the above
Which of the following needs to initiate the transcription process?
Binding of the RNA polymerase to the terminator
Binding of the RNA polymerase and transciription factors to the promoter
Binding of the RNA polymerase to the first few RNA nucleotides
All of the above
The best way to avoid PRC carryover is to separate the pre-PCR areas from the post-PCR analysis areas.
False
True
What type of target amplification methods involves target generation and exponential target generation?
Transcription-Based Amplification System
Digital PCR
Loop-Mediated Amplification
Strand-Displacement Amplification
What hybridization-based method is used to detect SNPs in DNA?
Heteroduplex analysis
Inversion probe assay
Melt curve analysis
Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism
What noncoding RNA inhibits translation by initiating degradation of the targeted mRNA?
miRNA
siRNA
piRNA
tRNA
What is the type of restriction enzymes used to cleave at specific recognition sites?
Type IV
Type III
Type II
Type I
Which of the following best describes Griffith's bacterial transformation experiment?
The gene obtained from avirulent cells causes virulence during the transformation.
The proteins obtained from virulent cells causes pathogenecity to the mice.
The genes harbored from wild-type, virulent S. pneumoniae causes virulence to the mice.
The proteins gained from mutant, virulent S. pneumonia causes death of the laboratory animals
Plasmids replicate dependently of the chomosomes.
True
False
What is the approximate number of base pairs of the encircled band line?
320bp
380bp
420bp
400bp
What noncoding RNA regulates gene expression by binding to a specific mRNA sequence?
miRNA
siRNA
piRNA
tRNA
Which of the following is the nomenclature of the protein of rsaL gene?
pro.rsaL
RsaL
pRsaL
pro::rsaL
If the cut-off cycle threshold for positive samples is less than 40 on CY5 channel (yellow fluorescence), what is the interpretation of the given amplification plot?
Negative
Positive
Invalid
Inconclusive
If the cut-off cycle threshold for positive samples is less than 40 on FAM channel (blue fluorescence), what is the interpretation of the given amplification plot?
Negative
Positive
Indeterminate
Inconclusive
Who introduced the Polymerase Chain Reaction?
Arne Tiselius
Karl Mullis
James Watson
Charles Darwin
Which of the following is not a step of PCR cycle?
Denaturation
Annealing
Extension
Blotting
Which of the following the template strand of 5'-GTATGCGTCTTT-3'
5'-CATACGCTGAAA-3'
3'-CATACGCTGAAA-5'
3'-CATACCTGAAA-5'
5'-CATACCCTGAAA-3'
Which of the following is a LacZ gene product that hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose?
lactose permease
thiogalactosidase transacetylase
B-galactosidase
B-galactose
Which of the following is a final product of LAMP reactions?
DNA molecules with a cauliflower-like structure of multiple loops
Branches of DNA
Sigmoidal curve
gene expression
This is a method designed to determine a DNA sequence without having to make a sequencing ladder:
Pyrosequencing
Dideoxy Sequencing
DNA sequencing
Nonisotopic RNase Cleavage Assay
Which of the following is the best function of plasmids?
may confer antibacterial resistance
non-conjugative
carries genetic information
can be transferred from cell to cell by conjugation
Which of the following best describes sticky ends on a DNA fragment?
Short-stranded tails or overhangs at each end of the DNA fragment
Do not have any overhangs on both ends of a digested DNA fragment
Can be religated with less efficiency
Almost the same with blunt ends
Which of the following is a strong denaturant of RNAses and can be used instead of high salt buffers?
Guanidine thiocyanate
1% sodum dodecyl sulfate
0.2M NaOH in the presence of Tris base
Glucose
This has a DNA molecule with 15 identical branches, each of which can bind three labeled probes.
Branched DNA amplification method
Hybrid Capture Assay
Ligase Chain Reaction
Cleavase/Invader Technology
Which of the following provides the highest expected DNA yield among specimens suitable for genetic analysis without DNA amplification?
plasmids from bacterial culture (100ml overnight culture
solid tissues
bones and teeth
feces
This is a solution hybridization antibody capture assay that uses chemiluminescent detection:
Hybrid Capture Assay
Ligase Chain Reaction
Cleavase/Invader Technology
Loop-Mediated Amplification
What is the best anticoagulant used in blood sample for genetic analysis?
EDTA
heparin
SPS
sodium citrate
What type of target amplification methods involves the reverse transcription of the RNA target to complementary DNA by a reverse transcriptase, and then the resulting cDNA is amplified by PCR?
Multiplex PCR
Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction
Nested PCR
Real-Time PCR
Which of the following used silica-based products in binding DNA materials under high salt conditions?
Organic Isolation Method
Inorganic Isolation Method
Solid-phase Isolation
Liquid-phase Isolation
Which of the following is not a component of a typical PCR reaction
EDTA
MgCl2
heat stable DNA polymerase
Tris-HCl buffer
Which of the following is the gene nomenclature if rsal gene is inserted into the plasmid ME6032?
pME6032::rsal
"rsal::pME6032
pME6032:rsal
pRsaL
This is the most definitive molecular method to identify genetic lesions:
DNA sequencing
Bioinformatics
Invader assay
Base Excision Sequence Scanning
Which of the following proteins bind to the cis sequences and direct the assembly of transcription complexes at the proper gene?
Trans factors
Cis factors
Proximal regulatory elements
Distal regulatory elements
Which of the following illustrations best describes the law of segregation?
Which of the following brings about coordinate expression of proteins required at the same time among microorganisms with small genomes?
Cis factors
Trans factors
Operon
B-galactosidase
What is the rationale of denaturing RNA molecules before hybridization?
Stability of the RNA strands
Elimination of secondary RNA structure
Increase stringency
Removal of DNA molecules
Which of the following codes for proteins and used as a template for protein translation?
tRNA
rRNA
siRNA
miRNA
This utilizes the sequence- and stacking-directed denaturation characteristics of dsDNA:
Melt Curve Analysis
Inversion Probe Assay
Heteroduplex Analysis
Allele-Specific Oligomer Hybridization
What is the estimated melting temperature for the following oligonucleotides: 5'-AGCTGATCGGTATCGGCT-3'
51°C
61°C
56°C
66°C
Which of the following can be used as biomarkers for gene expression changes in tumors ?
Southern Blot
Northern Blot
Western Blot
Microarray Hybridization
Which of the following is not included in the open reading frame?
initiation codon
coding region
noncoding region
termination codon
What is the preferred hybridization temperature of oligonucleotide probes?
5 degree Celcius above the melting temperature of the probes
5 degree Celcius below the melting temperature of the probes
10 degree Celcius below the melting temperature of the probes
10 degree Celcius above the melting temperature of the probes
What is the cheapest and simplest option for easy-to-lyse cells, especially human cells and gram-negative bacteria?
Chemical lysis
Mechanical lysis
Enzymatic lysis
Physical lysis
This is also known as methylation-specific sequencing:
Bisulfite DNA sequencing
Pyrosequencing
Sanger sequencing
Chemical sequencing
The higher a DNA's GC content, the lower its melting temperature.
False
True
Which of the following best describes DNA methylation?
decreases the affinity of transcription factors to a DNA promoter
decreases the binding of methylation-specific transcription factors
increases the affinity of transcription factors to a DNA promoter
affects the activity of chromatin-associated protein and transcription factors that increase or decrease gene expression
Who discovered the chemical structure of DNA?
James Watson
Gregor Mendel
Francis Crick
Archibald Ga rrod
The minimum loci needed for the parentage testing using RFLP:
4
6
8
10
Which of the following refers to tumors showing MSI in one or a minority of loci tested?
MSI-L
MSS
MSI-H
K-ras
Which of the following determines the functionality of the assay system?
Positive Control
Reagent Blank
Negative Control
Amplification Control
Which of the following methods has good typing capacity, good discriminatory power, high ease of use and ease of interpretation?
PFGE
Sequencing
Ribotyping
Plasmid analysis
How many loci should be required for parentage testing using RFLP?
3
5
7
9
The more loci analyzed, the higher the probability that the locus genotype positively identifies an individual.
True
False
Barcoding of specimens expedites specimen accession and increases the chance of error.
True
False
Men carrying a mutation in BRCA2 have a 100-fold increased risk of breast cancer compared with men without a mutation
True
False
Application of mtDNA analysis, except:
useful for extremely small quantities of sample DNA
useful for lineage studies and forensic examination
track for population migrations
based on the nuclear material
Which of the following collection tube/s is/are recommended for most nucleic acid assays?
Trisodium EDTA tube
Acid citrate dextrose tube
Both Trisodium EDTA tube and Acid citrate dextrose tube
None of the above
How often do laminar flow hoods and BSC monitor for proper air flow?
once a year
every 2 months
as when needed
semi-annually
Why do gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria should be vigorously lysed?
thinner cell wall
thicker cell wall
no cell membrane
according to standard operating procedure
The recurrence risk is 25% if siblings are affected, indicating the presence of the recessive mutation in at least one of the parents. Which of the following best describes the phenomenon?
Autosomal-dominant
Autosomal-dominant
X-linked
Sex-linked
Which of the following is not an application for mitochondrial DNA analysis?
lineage studies
population migrations
genetic characterization of forensic specimens
none of the above
mtDNA follows paternal clonal inheritance patterns as well.
True
False
Mitochondrial inheritance is characterised by exclusive paternal transmission.
True
False
True to mtDNA, except:
no paternal contribution
follows maternal clonal inheritance patterns
mitochondria are maternally inherited
follows Mendelian inheritance
Which of the following is useful for targeted assessment of relatively large genomic abnormalities?
Cytogenetics
FISH
SBH
PCR
Which of the following is not a reason for using a molecular techniques in determining antimicrobial resistance?
useful in epidemiological investigations
longer turn around time
highly specific in detecting gene mutations
none of the above
Which of the following detects numerical and structural chromosome aberrations?
FISH
Cytogenetics
SDH
PCR
Which of the following is not preferred for the detection and identification of ras mutation?
SSCP screening
direct sequencing
pyrosequencing
PCR
Primers are designed based on the most variable region of the sequence.
True
False
Which of the following refers to the expression of the disease phenotype in every individual with the mutated gene?
Partial penetrance
Variable expressivity
Complete penetrance
Full expressivity
Which of the following internal controls ensures that extraction and amplification procedures are acceptable?
Homologous extrinsic control
Heterologous extrinsic control
Amplification controls
Amplification controls
Gene mutation always predict the disease severity
True
False
Which of the following mutation responsible for hemochromatosis?
C282Y
prothrombin variant F2
tRNA point mutation
FMR-1
Which of the following detects millions of SNPs?
PCR
DNA chips
RFLP
Y-STR
Which of the following is the most commonly observed mutation for hemochromatosis?
C282Y
H63D
S65C
C280D
Which of the following genes is not useful for PCR detection of L. pneumophila?
mip gene
16S RNA gene
5S RNA gene
P1 adhesion gene
Which of the following has 100% specificity for S. pneumoniae?
mip gene
lytA gene
tuf gene
polA gene
Which of the following can be utilized to detect factor V Leiden variant F5 and prothrombin variant F2?
qPCR
Multiplex PCR-RFLP
Sequencing
Ribotyping
Which of the following is over expressed in solid tumors?
EGFR
Her2/neu
K-ras
BRCA
Which of the following does not use 16S rRNA as gene target?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Mycoplasma hominis
Treponema pallidum
Mycoplasma genitalium
Aberrant activation of receptor for hematopoietic stem cell factor refers to:
NPM1 mutations
KIT mutations
FLT3 mutations
JAK2 V617F mutations
Which of the following does not connote the limitation to genetic molecular testing?
applicable for disease prediction
for early diagnosis of infection
for personalized medicine
for genetic counseling
Analytical error is the consequence of erroneous or misleading results caused by events that occur prior to sample analysis
True
False
Males are homozygous for the amelogenin locus.
True
False
Which of the following is the detection method of RFLP?
Southern Blot
PCR
Sequencing
Western Blot
Which of the following has triplet repeat CGG expansion ?
Fragile X syndrome
Neuropathy
Huntington's disease
Ataxia
Which of the following region of mtDNA is useful for human identification analysis?
control region
coding region
ORF
stop codon
This is performed to assess the skills of laboratory personnel performing molecular assays as well as the performance of the assay itself:
Chemical safety
Proficiency testing
Documentation
Quality Assurance
Which of the following applies chromogenic detection by specific probes for Her2/neu?
Chromogenic in situ hybridization
PCR
Genetic mapping
Linkage studies
Genetic risk scores
Which of the following genes is useful for PCR detection of B. pertussis?
Porin gene
16S rRNA
MOMP
pspA
Which of the following is useful for detecting unique chimeric fusion gene mRNA species?
FISH
SBH
PCR
Cytogenetics
Which of the segments of mtDNA should be analyzed for human identification?
control region
stop codon
nuclear DNA
neutral segment
Which of the following is useful for ancestry determination?
RFLP
Y-STR
VNTR
SNP
Which of the following has good typing capacity, moderate discriminatory power, high ease of use and high ease of interpretation?
Sequencing
Ribotyping
PCR-RFLP
PFGE
Which of the following is an advantage application of Southern blot technique in lymphoid clonality analysis?
requires minimal DNA
very sensitive
can detect presence of oligoclonal gene rearrangement patterns
can combine different PCR locus strategies
Which of the following is also known as minisatellites?
SNP
STR
VNTR
RFLP
What transmission pattern does the illustration refer to?
Autosomal-dominant
Autosomal-recessive
X-linked
Maternal
Which of the following is a disadvantage application of PCR in lymphoid clonality analysis?
possible use of radionucleotide labeled probes
requirement of high MW DNA
limited analytic sensitivity
may miss oligoclonal populations
Which of the following refers to the ability to detect only the analyte and not nonspecific targets?
Analytic sensitivity
Analytic specificity
Clinical sensitivity
Clinical specificity
Which of the following determines if the assay or sample is contaminated or not?
Positive control
Negative control
Amplification control
Reagent blank
RNA suspended in ethanol can be stored at -20°C for several months.
True
False
Which of the following is the gene target for B. pertussis?
porin gene
MOMP
plyA
pspA
Which of the following is the frequency of disease phenotype in individuals with a gene lesion?
Partial penetrance
Variable expressivity
Complete penetrance
penetrance
Which of the following is not a clinical utility of PCR testing of HIV?
Viral quantitation
Disease prognosis
Treatment monitoring
Used for community surveillance
The following genes can be detected by sequencing, except
KIT proto-oncogene
Folliculin
Fumurate hydratase
microsatellite instability
Which of the following detects RLFP?
PCR
Southern Blot
Western Blot
Sequencing
Which of the following is a phenotypic method applied in molecular epidemiology?
ribotyping
melt curve analysis
plasmid analysis
bacteriophage typing
This is a frequency of expression of disease phenotype in individuals with a gene lesion
Penetrance
Complete Penetrance
Variable expressivity
Full expressivity
Most analyte-specific reagents used in the molecular laboratory are class I.
True
False
Which of the following participates in repairing DNA damage and promote apoptosis?
Oncogene
Cancer genes
Tumor suppressor genes
Solid tumors
Which of the following is used as internal controls in methods quantifying infectious agents or detecting tumor cells?
Amplification control
Housekeeping genes
Housekeeping genes
Template control
How often does proficiency testing perform in a molecular laboratory?
once in every 3 months
once in every 2 years
at least twice a year
once a month
Which of the following is recommended for most nucleic acid assays?
Trisodium EDTA
Acid citrate dextrose
Both
None of the above
Which of the following supports cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis?
Oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Solid tumors
Cancer
