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WorksheetsECOL182R Midterm 1 Review
Total questions: 129
Worksheet time: 1hrs 5mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
Classical View of Evolution
a)
single celled. parasitic. polar tube allows them to enter the interior of the cells they parasitize. dramatically reduced genome. lack functioning mitochondria
b)
living organisms are constant and unchanging
c)
light, organic molecules, or inorganic molecules
d)
separates DNA replication and repair from translation. allows for RNA processing. derived from infolding of the plasma membrane
2.
Buffon on Evolution
a)
take food directly through the membrane. decomposers. parasites
b)
developed the germ theory of disease
c)
the creation of species is spread out in space and species become modified over time
d)
all organisms have a common ancestor
3.
Erasmus Darwin on Evolution
a)
largely aquatic and common in fresh water environments. only fungi that can produce motile cells. most produce spores that swim via flagella
b)
all organisms have a common ancestor
c)
presence of a nuclear membrane
d)
crawling along a substrate by a flowing flexible cell wall
4.
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck on Evolution
a)
firmicute ferment milk to yogurt or cheese
b)
haploid cells that fuse to make a zygote
c)
species change over time and the environment is a factor in this change - the inheritance of acquired characteristics
d)
molecules that kill bacteria
5.
Descent with Modification
a)
historically called "blue-green algae". oxygenic photosynthesis, fixes nitrogen. form lichens by living with fungi. produce much of Earth's oxygen
b)
all organisms can be traced back through a series of common ancestors (evolution)
c)
domesticated animals have been changed over time by artificial selection
d)
sweep food into gullet. fresh and salt water, wet soils. covered with cilia. micro and macro nucleus
6.
Biogeographical Evidence
a)
spirochaete
b)
sweep food into gullet. fresh and salt water, wet soils. covered with cilia. micro and macro nucleus
c)
if created separately, why are both living and extinct versions restricted to the same area. (armadillos and glyptodons)
d)
cellulose based structures. marine and freshwater. roughly 50% photosynthetic. 2 sets of flagella. some show bioluminescence. cause of red tides
7.
Functional Morphological Evidence
a)
each cell has 2 nuclei. each associated with 4 flagella. very deep branching early eukaryote
b)
making an identical copy of yourself (mitosis)
c)
vestigal organs and homologous structures
d)
diploid cell divides into haploid gametes (meiosis)
8.
Fossil Evidence
a)
firmicute
b)
shows succession from very simple morphological forms to much more complex forms as time progresses
c)
multicellular fungi
d)
cellulose based structures. marine and freshwater. roughly 50% photosynthetic. 2 sets of flagella. some show bioluminescence. cause of red tides
9.
Comparative Embryology Evidence
a)
holes within the hyphae. no true cell walls in hyphae
b)
major group, with 5+ subgroups, diverse shapes. apparent ancestor of mitochondrial genome
c)
the use of bacteria and archaea to degrade pollutants
d)
development of an organism from an initial zygote. early developmental stages are common to many different species
10.
Haeckel Law of Development
a)
more closely related species should have more similar DNA sequences
b)
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
c)
take food directly through the membrane. decomposers. parasites
d)
each cell has 2 nuclei. each associated with 4 flagella. very deep branching early eukaryote
11.
von Baer's Law of Development
a)
contains thousands of nuclei
b)
silicon oxide tests. photosynthetic. most important producer of carbon compounds in fresh and salt water
c)
the features that distinguish between different species tend to arise later in development
d)
when nuclei fuse
12.
Animal Breeding Evidence
a)
primarily soil dwellers. zygosporangium. many are saphrophytes, some parasitic, some predatory
b)
all organisms can be traced back through a series of common ancestors (evolution)
c)
the foundation of most aquatic ecosystems. fix carbon to generate the food and energy that the rest of the food chain survives on
d)
domesticated animals have been changed over time by artificial selection
13.
Molecular Data Evidence
a)
more closely related species should have more similar DNA sequences
b)
lives in root nodules and fixes nitrogen
c)
defective copies of a gene that no longer works
d)
bacterial in structure. genomic sequencing fully supports bacterial origin. endosymbiant origin of original chloroplast genome. some lineages have chloroplasts with 4 membranes
14.
Genomic Evidence
a)
multicellular fungi
b)
many shared genes between widely divergent species
c)
over half of all known fungi. form an ascus
d)
the use of bacteria and archaea to degrade pollutants
15.
Pseudogenes
a)
defective copies of a gene that no longer works
b)
rusts, smuts, mildew, blights
c)
live by consuming carbon-carbon bonds
d)
chloroplasts with 4 membranes that undergo a second absorption cycle
16.
Prokaryotes
a)
contains thousands of nuclei
b)
oxidize inorganic molecules with high Pe to produce ATP using cellular respiration
c)
major group, with 5+ subgroups, diverse shapes. apparent ancestor of mitochondrial genome
d)
absence of a nuclear membrane (outdated)
17.
Eukaryotes
a)
valley fever, athlete's foot, vagninitis, ring worm
b)
hundreds to thousands of very small, short hairs covering the cell
c)
cells that have a cell wall containing an extensive amount of carbohydrate peptidoglycan. purple in color
d)
presence of a nuclear membrane
18.
Carl Woese
a)
challenged single group of bacteria view, suggested 2 major groups of bacteria instead
b)
haploid cells produced from a diploid by meiosis
c)
haploid cells that fuse to make a zygote
d)
large single cell. class of forams. contains thousands of nuclei
19.
Archaebacteria
a)
largely aquatic and common in fresh water environments. only fungi that can produce motile cells. most produce spores that swim via flagella
b)
more closely related species should have more similar DNA sequences
c)
group of prokaryotes living in very strange environments with very distinct rRNA
d)
includes most kelps
20.
Major Domains of Life
a)
if the nuclei remain independent
b)
primarily soil dwellers. zygosporangium. many are saphrophytes, some parasitic, some predatory
c)
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
d)
developed the germ theory of disease
21.
Archaea
a)
proteobacteria
b)
rod shaped or spherical. important soil components
c)
2 haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote
d)
metabolism like bacteria, information processing like eukaryotes. lives in virtually every habitat. no known parasites
22.
Microbiology
a)
molecules that kill bacteria
b)
development of an organism from an initial zygote. early developmental stages are common to many different species
c)
study of microbes (microscopic organisms)
d)
when nuclei fuse
23.
Germ Theory of Disease
a)
valley fever, athlete's foot, vagninitis, ring worm
b)
haploid cells produced from a diploid by meiosis
c)
infectious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses
d)
engulfing or sweeping food into gullet
24.
Virus
a)
process of converting molecular nitrogen to ammonia
b)
Endosymbiosis hypothesis. bacterial in structure
c)
acellular particle that parasitize cells
d)
dinoflagellates produce a toxin to defend against copepod predators
25.
Robert Koch
a)
rods and filaments. rich source of antibiotics from genus Streptomyces
b)
developed the germ theory of disease
c)
large single cell. class of forams. contains thousands of nuclei
d)
proteobacteria
26.
Antibiotics
a)
firmicute organic insecticide
b)
valley fever, athlete's foot, vagninitis, ring worm
c)
spirochaete
d)
molecules that kill bacteria
27.
Bioremediation
a)
silicon oxide tests. photosynthetic. most important producer of carbon compounds in fresh and salt water
b)
the use of bacteria and archaea to degrade pollutants
c)
when cytoplasms fuse
d)
diploid cell divides into haploid gametes (meiosis)
28.
Extremophiles
a)
the features that distinguish between different species tend to arise later in development
b)
bacteria or archaea that live in extreme habitats
c)
ascomycota. brewing, baking, wine-making. model organism for research
d)
when cytoplasms fuse
29.
Black Smokers
a)
ocean floor vents with bacteria that feed on the chemicals released in the ocean to support entire undersea communities
b)
separates DNA replication and repair from translation. allows for RNA processing. derived from infolding of the plasma membrane
c)
during sexual reproduction, produce basidia. largest subgroup form basidia in large above ground mushrooms, brackets, earthstars, or puffballs
d)
spirochaete
30.
Universal Primers
a)
freshwater and marine. roughly 30% do photosynthesis, all feed by ingestion
b)
allowed rRNA sequences to be obtained without having to culture an organism
c)
live by consuming carbon-carbon bonds
d)
challenged single group of bacteria view, suggested 2 major groups of bacteria instead
31.
Nitrogen Fixation
a)
spirochaete
b)
amoeba and slime molds. originally thought to be very primitive. a more recent common ancestor to animals than to plants
c)
process of converting molecular nitrogen to ammonia
d)
freshwater and marine. roughly 30% do photosynthesis, all feed by ingestion
32.
Autotrophs
a)
light, organic molecules, or inorganic molecules
b)
corkscrew shape. common in aquatic habitats
c)
shows succession from very simple morphological forms to much more complex forms as time progresses
d)
Organisms that manufacture their own carbon containing compounds
33.
Heterotrophs
a)
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
b)
dinoflagellates produce a toxin to defend against copepod predators
c)
live by consuming carbon-carbon bonds
d)
light, organic molecules, or inorganic molecules
34.
Bacterial/Archaea ATP Production
a)
cellulose based structures. marine and freshwater. roughly 50% photosynthetic. 2 sets of flagella. some show bioluminescence. cause of red tides
b)
light, organic molecules, or inorganic molecules
c)
includes most kelps
d)
presence of a nuclear membrane
35.
Phototrophs
a)
phototrophic bacteria use molecules other than water as an electron donor
b)
use light energy to promote electrons to the top of electron transport chains
c)
cells that have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid bilayer. pink in color
d)
if created separately, why are both living and extinct versions restricted to the same area. (armadillos and glyptodons)
36.
Chemoorganotrophs
a)
oxidize organic molecules with high Pe to produce ATP using cellular respiration or by fermentation pathways
b)
rod shaped or spherical. important soil components
c)
multicellular fungi
d)
proteobacteria, insect STD
37.
Chemolithotrophs
a)
if created separately, why are both living and extinct versions restricted to the same area. (armadillos and glyptodons)
b)
engulf food
c)
oxidize inorganic molecules with high Pe to produce ATP using cellular respiration
d)
species that use water as a source of electrons
38.
Oxygenic Photosynthesis
a)
species that use water as a source of electrons
b)
species change over time and the environment is a factor in this change - the inheritance of acquired characteristics
c)
the features that distinguish between different species tend to arise later in development
d)
engulfing or sweeping food into gullet
39.
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
a)
group of prokaryotes living in very strange environments with very distinct rRNA
b)
haploid that has cells which undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes
c)
phototrophic bacteria use molecules other than water as an electron donor
d)
the features that distinguish between different species tend to arise later in development
40.
Gram-Positive
a)
hole in the test through which pseudopodia emerge
b)
large single cell. class of forams. contains thousands of nuclei
c)
acellular particle that parasitize cells
d)
cells that have a cell wall containing an extensive amount of carbohydrate peptidoglycan. purple in color
41.
Gram-Negative
a)
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
b)
rusts, smuts, mildew, blights
c)
cells that have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid bilayer. pink in color
d)
proteobacteria
42.
Firmicutes
a)
cells that have a cell wall containing an extensive amount of carbohydrate peptidoglycan. purple in color
b)
rod shaped or spherical. important soil components
c)
phototrophic bacteria use molecules other than water as an electron donor
d)
the foundation of most aquatic ecosystems. fix carbon to generate the food and energy that the rest of the food chain survives on
43.
Tetanus
a)
more closely related species should have more similar DNA sequences
b)
firmicute
c)
amoeba and slime molds. originally thought to be very primitive. a more recent common ancestor to animals than to plants
d)
historically called "blue-green algae". oxygenic photosynthesis, fixes nitrogen. form lichens by living with fungi. produce much of Earth's oxygen
44.
Gangrene
a)
chloroplasts with 4 membranes that undergo a second absorption cycle
b)
firmicute
c)
the use of bacteria and archaea to degrade pollutants
d)
make their living by digesting dead plant material. critical agents in the land carbon cycle. primary decomposers in land ecosystems
45.
Anthrax
a)
the foundation of most aquatic ecosystems. fix carbon to generate the food and energy that the rest of the food chain survives on
b)
take food directly through the membrane. decomposers. parasites
c)
dinoflagellates produce a toxin to defend against copepod predators
d)
firmicute
46.
Butulism
a)
firmicute
b)
major group, with 5+ subgroups, diverse shapes. apparent ancestor of mitochondrial genome
c)
Endosymbiosis hypothesis. bacterial in structure
d)
during sexual reproduction, produce basidia. largest subgroup form basidia in large above ground mushrooms, brackets, earthstars, or puffballs
47.
Baccillus thurinigensis
a)
spherical and very small. all known species live as parasites inside host cells
b)
corkscrew shape. common in aquatic habitats
c)
challenged single group of bacteria view, suggested 2 major groups of bacteria instead
d)
firmicute organic insecticide
48.
Lactobaccillus
a)
major group, with 5+ subgroups, diverse shapes. apparent ancestor of mitochondrial genome
b)
firmicute ferment milk to yogurt or cheese
c)
shows succession from very simple morphological forms to much more complex forms as time progresses
d)
hole in the test through which pseudopodia emerge
49.
Spirochaetes
a)
corkscrew shape. common in aquatic habitats
b)
cell membrane, organelles, structure and protection, feeding, movement, sex
c)
rods and filaments. rich source of antibiotics from genus Streptomyces
d)
bacteria or archaea that live in extreme habitats
50.
Syphilis
a)
species that use water as a source of electrons
b)
spirochaete
c)
firmicute ferment milk to yogurt or cheese
d)
large single cell. class of forams. contains thousands of nuclei
51.
Lyme disease
a)
spirochaete
b)
firmicute ferment milk to yogurt or cheese
c)
if the nuclei remain independent
d)
make their living by digesting dead plant material. critical agents in the land carbon cycle. primary decomposers in land ecosystems
52.
Actinobacteria
a)
shared derived trait
b)
both derived originally from bacteria engulfed by a primary eukaryote
c)
rods and filaments. rich source of antibiotics from genus Streptomyces
d)
separates DNA replication and repair from translation. allows for RNA processing. derived from infolding of the plasma membrane
53.
Tuberculosis
a)
2 haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote
b)
2 distinct haploid nuclei within a hyphae
c)
actinobacteria
d)
chlamydiale
54.
Leprosy
a)
actinobacteria
b)
the creation of species is spread out in space and species become modified over time
c)
if created separately, why are both living and extinct versions restricted to the same area. (armadillos and glyptodons)
d)
Endosymbiosis hypothesis. bacterial in structure
55.
Cyanobacteria
a)
vestigal organs and homologous structures
b)
if the nuclei remain independent
c)
historically called "blue-green algae". oxygenic photosynthesis, fixes nitrogen. form lichens by living with fungi. produce much of Earth's oxygen
d)
more closely related species should have more similar DNA sequences
56.
Chlamydiales
a)
ocean floor vents with bacteria that feed on the chemicals released in the ocean to support entire undersea communities
b)
spherical and very small. all known species live as parasites inside host cells
c)
holes within the hyphae. no true cell walls in hyphae
d)
crawling along a substrate by a flowing flexible cell wall
57.
Chlamydia trachomatis
a)
defective copies of a gene that no longer works
b)
all organisms can be traced back through a series of common ancestors (evolution)
c)
over half of all known fungi. form an ascus
d)
chlamydiale
58.
Proteobacteria
a)
multicellular fungi
b)
shows succession from very simple morphological forms to much more complex forms as time progresses
c)
major group, with 5+ subgroups, diverse shapes. apparent ancestor of mitochondrial genome
d)
engulfing or sweeping food into gullet
59.
E. coli
a)
if the nuclei remain independent
b)
proteobacteria
c)
firmicute ferment milk to yogurt or cheese
d)
both derived originally from bacteria engulfed by a primary eukaryote
60.
Wolbachia
a)
ascomycota. major source of citric acid
b)
some, but not all descendants of a single common ancestor
c)
make their living by digesting dead plant material. critical agents in the land carbon cycle. primary decomposers in land ecosystems
d)
proteobacteria, insect STD
61.
Legionnares disease
a)
proteobacteria
b)
the foundation of most aquatic ecosystems. fix carbon to generate the food and energy that the rest of the food chain survives on
c)
Endosymbiosis hypothesis. bacterial in structure
d)
haploid that has cells which undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes
62.
Cholera
a)
proteobacteria
b)
firmicute organic insecticide
c)
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
d)
spirochaete
63.
Gonorrhea
a)
proteobacteria
b)
2 distinct haploid nuclei within a hyphae
c)
hole in the test through which pseudopodia emerge
d)
when cytoplasms fuse
64.
Ulcers
a)
sweep food into gullet. fresh and salt water, wet soils. covered with cilia. micro and macro nucleus
b)
rod shaped or spherical. important soil components
c)
challenged single group of bacteria view, suggested 2 major groups of bacteria instead
d)
proteobacteria
65.
Diarrhea
a)
use light energy to promote electrons to the top of electron transport chains
b)
proteobacteria
c)
cell membrane, organelles, structure and protection, feeding, movement, sex
d)
process of converting molecular nitrogen to ammonia
66.
Agrobacterium
a)
diploid cell divides into haploid gametes (meiosis)
b)
ocean floor vents with bacteria that feed on the chemicals released in the ocean to support entire undersea communities
c)
used as a shuttle vector for genetic engineering of crops
d)
use light energy to promote electrons to the top of electron transport chains
67.
Rhizobium
a)
the creation of species is spread out in space and species become modified over time
b)
lives in root nodules and fixes nitrogen
c)
haploid cells that fuse to make a zygote
d)
spirochaete
68.
Monophyletic group
a)
species change over time and the environment is a factor in this change - the inheritance of acquired characteristics
b)
all descendants of a single common ancestor
c)
amoeba and slime molds. originally thought to be very primitive. a more recent common ancestor to animals than to plants
d)
infectious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses
69.
Paraphyletic group
a)
largely aquatic and common in fresh water environments. only fungi that can produce motile cells. most produce spores that swim via flagella
b)
dinoflagellates produce a toxin to defend against copepod predators
c)
hundreds to thousands of very small, short hairs covering the cell
d)
some, but not all descendants of a single common ancestor
70.
Protists
a)
shared derived trait
b)
when cytoplasms fuse
c)
contains thousands of nuclei
d)
all eukaryotes except for green plants, fungi, and animals. grouping of convenience
71.
Synapomorphy
a)
cellulose based structures. marine and freshwater. roughly 50% photosynthetic. 2 sets of flagella. some show bioluminescence. cause of red tides
b)
firmicute ferment milk to yogurt or cheese
c)
shared derived trait
d)
over half of all known fungi. form an ascus
72.
Malaria
a)
plasmodium is the agent. Protist
b)
ascomycota. brewing, baking, wine-making. model organism for research
c)
dinoflagellates produce a toxin to defend against copepod predators
d)
haploid that has cells which undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes
73.
Red tides
a)
dinoflagellates produce a toxin to defend against copepod predators
b)
ascomycota. major source of citric acid
c)
chlamydiale
d)
haploid cells produced from a diploid by meiosis
74.
Phytoplankton
a)
the foundation of most aquatic ecosystems. fix carbon to generate the food and energy that the rest of the food chain survives on
b)
amoeba and slime molds. originally thought to be very primitive. a more recent common ancestor to animals than to plants
c)
if the nuclei remain independent
d)
process of converting molecular nitrogen to ammonia
75.
Key innovations of eukaryotes
a)
study of microbes (microscopic organisms)
b)
cell membrane, organelles, structure and protection, feeding, movement, sex
c)
the foundation of most aquatic ecosystems. fix carbon to generate the food and energy that the rest of the food chain survives on
d)
bacterial in structure. genomic sequencing fully supports bacterial origin. endosymbiant origin of original chloroplast genome. some lineages have chloroplasts with 4 membranes
76.
Nuclear membrane
a)
firmicute organic insecticide
b)
light, organic molecules, or inorganic molecules
c)
hundreds to thousands of very small, short hairs covering the cell
d)
separates DNA replication and repair from translation. allows for RNA processing. derived from infolding of the plasma membrane
77.
Chloroplasts
a)
bacterial in structure. genomic sequencing fully supports bacterial origin. endosymbiant origin of original chloroplast genome. some lineages have chloroplasts with 4 membranes
b)
infectious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses
c)
corkscrew shape. common in aquatic habitats
d)
largely aquatic and common in fresh water environments. only fungi that can produce motile cells. most produce spores that swim via flagella
78.
Secondary endosymbiosis
a)
more closely related species should have more similar DNA sequences
b)
haploid cells produced from a diploid by meiosis
c)
over half of all known fungi. form an ascus
d)
chloroplasts with 4 membranes that undergo a second absorption cycle
79.
Mitochondrion
a)
when nuclei fuse
b)
an ascomycota
c)
Endosymbiosis hypothesis. bacterial in structure
d)
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
80.
Endosymbiosis hypothesis
a)
defective copies of a gene that no longer works
b)
both derived originally from bacteria engulfed by a primary eukaryote
c)
acellular particle that parasitize cells
d)
lives in root nodules and fixes nitrogen
81.
Diatoms
a)
largely aquatic and common in fresh water environments. only fungi that can produce motile cells. most produce spores that swim via flagella
b)
diploid cell divides into haploid gametes (meiosis)
c)
silicon oxide tests. photosynthetic. most important producer of carbon compounds in fresh and salt water
d)
making an identical copy of yourself (mitosis)
82.
Dinoflagellates
a)
firmicute organic insecticide
b)
cellulose based structures. marine and freshwater. roughly 50% photosynthetic. 2 sets of flagella. some show bioluminescence. cause of red tides
c)
study of microbes (microscopic organisms)
d)
actinobacteria
83.
Forminifera
a)
calcium carbonate tests. extensive fossil record. foramen
b)
each cell has 2 nuclei. each associated with 4 flagella. very deep branching early eukaryote
c)
making an identical copy of yourself (mitosis)
d)
ascomycota. brewing, baking, wine-making. model organism for research
84.
Foramen
a)
hole in the test through which pseudopodia emerge
b)
cellulose based structures. marine and freshwater. roughly 50% photosynthetic. 2 sets of flagella. some show bioluminescence. cause of red tides
c)
the use of bacteria and archaea to degrade pollutants
d)
dinoflagellates produce a toxin to defend against copepod predators
85.
Photosynthesis
a)
shared derived trait
b)
molecules that kill bacteria
c)
make your own food
d)
the use of bacteria and archaea to degrade pollutants
86.
Ingestive feeding
a)
diploid cell divides into haploid gametes (meiosis)
b)
bacteria or archaea that live in extreme habitats
c)
ascomycota. brewing, baking, wine-making. model organism for research
d)
engulfing or sweeping food into gullet
87.
Pseudopodia
a)
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
b)
engulf food
c)
during sexual reproduction, produce basidia. largest subgroup form basidia in large above ground mushrooms, brackets, earthstars, or puffballs
d)
cellulose based structures. marine and freshwater. roughly 50% photosynthetic. 2 sets of flagella. some show bioluminescence. cause of red tides
88.
Ciliata
a)
firmicute organic insecticide
b)
hole in the test through which pseudopodia emerge
c)
sweep food into gullet. fresh and salt water, wet soils. covered with cilia. micro and macro nucleus
d)
all descendants of a single common ancestor
89.
Absorptive feeding
a)
rod shaped or spherical. important soil components
b)
developed the germ theory of disease
c)
take food directly through the membrane. decomposers. parasites
d)
haploid that has cells which undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes
90.
Amoeboid motion
a)
vestigal organs and homologous structures
b)
chlamydiale
c)
crawling along a substrate by a flowing flexible cell wall
d)
domesticated animals have been changed over time by artificial selection
91.
Flagella swimming
a)
crawling along a substrate by a flowing flexible cell wall
b)
firmicute
c)
1 to 4 long, whip-like thick filaments
d)
some, but not all descendants of a single common ancestor
92.
Cilia swimming
a)
ascomycota. major source of citric acid
b)
shows succession from very simple morphological forms to much more complex forms as time progresses
c)
hundreds to thousands of very small, short hairs covering the cell
d)
ascomycota. brewing, baking, wine-making. model organism for research
93.
Haploid reproduction
a)
corkscrew shape. common in aquatic habitats
b)
dinoflagellates produce a toxin to defend against copepod predators
c)
asexual
d)
used as a shuttle vector for genetic engineering of crops
94.
Diploid reproduction
a)
separates DNA replication and repair from translation. allows for RNA processing. derived from infolding of the plasma membrane
b)
presence of a nuclear membrane
c)
chloroplasts with 4 membranes that undergo a second absorption cycle
d)
sexual or asexual
95.
Fertilization
a)
oxidize organic molecules with high Pe to produce ATP using cellular respiration or by fermentation pathways
b)
all organisms can be traced back through a series of common ancestors (evolution)
c)
single celled fungi
d)
2 haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote
96.
Fission
a)
cell membrane, organelles, structure and protection, feeding, movement, sex
b)
shared derived trait
c)
haploid that has cells which undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes
d)
diploid cell divides into haploid gametes (meiosis)
97.
Asexual reproduction
a)
largely aquatic and common in fresh water environments. only fungi that can produce motile cells. most produce spores that swim via flagella
b)
haploid cells produced from a diploid by meiosis
c)
making an identical copy of yourself (mitosis)
d)
proteobacteria, insect STD
98.
Spores
a)
when nuclei fuse
b)
haploid cells produced from a diploid by meiosis
c)
multicellular fungi
d)
during sexual reproduction, produce basidia. largest subgroup form basidia in large above ground mushrooms, brackets, earthstars, or puffballs
99.
Sporophyte
a)
take food directly through the membrane. decomposers. parasites
b)
species change over time and the environment is a factor in this change - the inheritance of acquired characteristics
c)
calcium carbonate tests. extensive fossil record. foramen
d)
a diploid that has cells which undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores
100.
Gametes
a)
both derived originally from bacteria engulfed by a primary eukaryote
b)
oxidize organic molecules with high Pe to produce ATP using cellular respiration or by fermentation pathways
c)
used as a shuttle vector for genetic engineering of crops
d)
haploid cells that fuse to make a zygote
101.
Gametophyte
a)
rods and filaments. rich source of antibiotics from genus Streptomyces
b)
shows succession from very simple morphological forms to much more complex forms as time progresses
c)
includes most kelps
d)
haploid that has cells which undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes
102.
Diplomonadida
a)
more closely related species should have more similar DNA sequences
b)
each cell has 2 nuclei. each associated with 4 flagella. very deep branching early eukaryote
c)
live by consuming carbon-carbon bonds
d)
vestigal organs and homologous structures
103.
Euglenida
a)
major group, with 5+ subgroups, diverse shapes. apparent ancestor of mitochondrial genome
b)
when cytoplasms fuse
c)
freshwater and marine. roughly 30% do photosynthesis, all feed by ingestion
d)
rod shaped or spherical. important soil components
104.
Brown Algae
a)
the synthesis and secretion of enzymes outside of the hyphae which are then absorbed by the hyphae
b)
includes most kelps
c)
many shared genes between widely divergent species
d)
if created separately, why are both living and extinct versions restricted to the same area. (armadillos and glyptodons)
105.
Xenophyopores
a)
allowed rRNA sequences to be obtained without having to culture an organism
b)
large single cell. class of forams. contains thousands of nuclei
c)
single celled. parasitic. polar tube allows them to enter the interior of the cells they parasitize. dramatically reduced genome. lack functioning mitochondria
d)
metabolism like bacteria, information processing like eukaryotes. lives in virtually every habitat. no known parasites
106.
Multinucleate unicellular organism
a)
contains thousands of nuclei
b)
hole in the test through which pseudopodia emerge
c)
shared derived trait
d)
cellulose based structures. marine and freshwater. roughly 50% photosynthetic. 2 sets of flagella. some show bioluminescence. cause of red tides
107.
Amoeoboza
a)
haploid that has cells which undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes
b)
lives in root nodules and fixes nitrogen
c)
all eukaryotes except for green plants, fungi, and animals. grouping of convenience
d)
amoeba and slime molds. originally thought to be very primitive. a more recent common ancestor to animals than to plants
108.
Mycorrhizal fungi
a)
vestigal organs and homologous structures
b)
hole in the test through which pseudopodia emerge
c)
individual filaments
d)
critical in soil-plant interactions
109.
Saphrophytes
a)
group of prokaryotes living in very strange environments with very distinct rRNA
b)
make their living by digesting dead plant material. critical agents in the land carbon cycle. primary decomposers in land ecosystems
c)
crawling along a substrate by a flowing flexible cell wall
d)
oxidize inorganic molecules with high Pe to produce ATP using cellular respiration
110.
Fungal diseases in plants
a)
rusts, smuts, mildew, blights
b)
corkscrew shape. common in aquatic habitats
c)
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
d)
oxidize organic molecules with high Pe to produce ATP using cellular respiration or by fermentation pathways
111.
Fungal diseases in animals
a)
when cytoplasms fuse
b)
valley fever, athlete's foot, vagninitis, ring worm
c)
all organisms have a common ancestor
d)
1 to 4 long, whip-like thick filaments
112.
Yeasts
a)
single celled fungi
b)
if the nuclei remain independent
c)
if created separately, why are both living and extinct versions restricted to the same area. (armadillos and glyptodons)
d)
spirochaete
113.
Mycelia
a)
ascomycota. brewing, baking, wine-making. model organism for research
b)
multicellular fungi
c)
oxidize inorganic molecules with high Pe to produce ATP using cellular respiration
d)
ascomycota. major source of citric acid
114.
Hyphae
a)
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
b)
diploid cell divides into haploid gametes (meiosis)
c)
individual filaments
d)
2 distinct haploid nuclei within a hyphae
115.
Heterokaryon
a)
cells that have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid bilayer. pink in color
b)
haploid cells that fuse to make a zygote
c)
2 distinct haploid nuclei within a hyphae
d)
individual filaments
116.
Septa
a)
shared derived trait
b)
haploid cells that fuse to make a zygote
c)
rusts, smuts, mildew, blights
d)
holes within the hyphae. no true cell walls in hyphae
117.
Extracellular digestion
a)
chlamydiale
b)
the synthesis and secretion of enzymes outside of the hyphae which are then absorbed by the hyphae
c)
vestigal organs and homologous structures
d)
challenged single group of bacteria view, suggested 2 major groups of bacteria instead
118.
Plasmogamy
a)
study of microbes (microscopic organisms)
b)
over half of all known fungi. form an ascus
c)
lives in root nodules and fixes nitrogen
d)
when cytoplasms fuse
119.
Heterokaryotic
a)
if the nuclei remain independent
b)
process of converting molecular nitrogen to ammonia
c)
separates DNA replication and repair from translation. allows for RNA processing. derived from infolding of the plasma membrane
d)
make their living by digesting dead plant material. critical agents in the land carbon cycle. primary decomposers in land ecosystems
120.
Karyogamy
a)
when nuclei fuse
b)
the creation of species is spread out in space and species become modified over time
c)
the synthesis and secretion of enzymes outside of the hyphae which are then absorbed by the hyphae
d)
firmicute ferment milk to yogurt or cheese
121.
Microsporidia
a)
some, but not all descendants of a single common ancestor
b)
proteobacteria
c)
multicellular fungi
d)
single celled. parasitic. polar tube allows them to enter the interior of the cells they parasitize. dramatically reduced genome. lack functioning mitochondria
122.
Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
a)
the creation of species is spread out in space and species become modified over time
b)
largely aquatic and common in fresh water environments. only fungi that can produce motile cells. most produce spores that swim via flagella
c)
single celled. parasitic. polar tube allows them to enter the interior of the cells they parasitize. dramatically reduced genome. lack functioning mitochondria
d)
Organisms that manufacture their own carbon containing compounds
123.
Zygomycota
a)
haploid that has cells which undergo mitosis to produce haploid gametes
b)
cells that have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid bilayer. pink in color
c)
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
d)
primarily soil dwellers. zygosporangium. many are saphrophytes, some parasitic, some predatory
124.
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
a)
during sexual reproduction, produce basidia. largest subgroup form basidia in large above ground mushrooms, brackets, earthstars, or puffballs
b)
firmicute organic insecticide
c)
hundreds to thousands of very small, short hairs covering the cell
d)
the foundation of most aquatic ecosystems. fix carbon to generate the food and energy that the rest of the food chain survives on
125.
Ascomycota (sac fungi)
a)
over half of all known fungi. form an ascus
b)
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
c)
holes within the hyphae. no true cell walls in hyphae
d)
diploid cell divides into haploid gametes (meiosis)
126.
Penicillium
a)
an ascomycota
b)
rod shaped or spherical. important soil components
c)
actinobacteria
d)
light, organic molecules, or inorganic molecules
127.
Aspergillus
a)
chloroplasts with 4 membranes that undergo a second absorption cycle
b)
ascomycota. major source of citric acid
c)
multicellular fungi
d)
hundreds to thousands of very small, short hairs covering the cell
128.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
a)
amoeba and slime molds. originally thought to be very primitive. a more recent common ancestor to animals than to plants
b)
ascomycota. brewing, baking, wine-making. model organism for research
c)
take food directly through the membrane. decomposers. parasites
d)
domesticated animals have been changed over time by artificial selection
129.
Lichens
a)
haploid cells that fuse to make a zygote
b)
development of an organism from an initial zygote. early developmental stages are common to many different species
c)
largely aquatic and common in fresh water environments. only fungi that can produce motile cells. most produce spores that swim via flagella
d)
an ascomycota
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