The __________ rule states that atoms tend to establish full outer energy levels when bonding.

Use the periodic table (attached to the back of the exam) to determine how many valence electrons nitrogen (N) has.

________ bonds are found WITHIN one water molecule, and ________ bonds develop BETWEEN 2 or more water molecules.

These are the weakest type of bond we discussed in class and involve the constant shifting of electrons around an atom, creating temporary and ever-changing positive and negative regions of an atom (even in nonpolar molecules).

Which term does the following definition match best with: the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons in a covalent bond?

Water expands when it freezes (goes from its liquid to solid form). What effect below results from this property of water?

This figure is depicting a molecule of ___________.

Which characteristic(s) below describe(s) this molecule?

This molecule is attracted to glass due to which of the properties listed below?

Which functional group is circled below?

Water is very good at dissolving a lot of different substances. Therefore, we say that water is a powerful ______________.

Which lipid makes up the majority of cell membranes?

What is the covalent bond that bonds monosaccharides together called?

Which of the following polysaccharides acts as a structural component in plants?

Which of the following polysaccharides acts as a storage component in animals?

Sucrose is made of which two monosaccharides?

Which type of lipid is composed of 3 fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone?

What type of covalent bond joins individual amino acids together?

Nucleotides are bonded together via a ________________ bond.

The chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆ represents which of the following?

Antibodies are a type of which group of biological macromolecules?

Which of the following is function of proteins?

Which list below includes all parts that make up a nucleotide?

Which type of fat is solid at room temperature?

ATP stands for:

What do the initials “DNA” stand for?

Carbon has four electrons in its valence shell. Therefore, it needs _____ more electrons to completely fill its valence shell.

Which macromolecule generally has 2 hydrogen atoms for every 1 oxygen and 1 carbon atom?

Which is the correct order of the “central dogma” of biology?

Muscle cells contain numerous _____________ to serve their high demand for ATP.

Who was the first person to observe cells (cork cells) under a microscope?

Which of the following is/are (a) tenet(s) of the modern cell theory?

A cell with a lot of ribosomes is producing a lot of ___________.

Which statement below best describes why cell size is limited?

Which of the following can be found in animal (eukaryotic) cells but NOT in bacteria (prokaryotic cells)?

Mitochondria likely arose ________________________.

What is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell?

Autolysis (or cell suicide) involves the digestion of a surplus cell by itself. What organelle is responsible for this process?

In order for a plant cell to remain in its “normal” state (turgid), the environment surround the cell must be ___________________compared to the cell’s internal solute concentration.

Regions of the cell membrane that contain a lot of cholesterol molecules ______________.

Which of the following types of molecules will need a transport protein to help it move across the plasma membrane?

Cell membrane proteins are important for transporting materials across the membrane, but they also have other functions. Which of the following is/are (a) functions of membrane proteins?

Elodea is a plant which normally grows in freshwater ponds.  If Elodea leaves are placed in a jar of sea water (which has a very high salt content), the solution outside the cell will be

The sodium-potassium pump is moving sodium (Na⁺) _______________ its concentration gradient and potassium (K⁺) _____________ its concentration gradient.

Which of the following types of transports requires a transport protein but no ATP (energy)?

One result of the sodium-potassium pump is a ______________ charge inside the cell, which creates a type of energy referred to as membrane potential.

When does a cell check to determine if the spindles have attached to the chromosomes?

Which list below places the stages of mitosis in the correct order, from first to last?

Which stage of the cell cycle is the cell below currently in?

Which checkpoint(s) in the cell cycle check(s) for errors/damage in the DNA?

You are looking at a cell under a microscope and notice that it only has one copy of DNA. Which stage(s) below might the cell currently be in?

During which of the following stages of the cell cycle is DNA replicated/synthesized?

One purpose of the cell cycle is to regenerate tissues. Which of the following descriptions most accurately describes what that means?

During which stage of the cell cycle is DNA still in its uncondensed form (i.e., chromatin)?

Which statement below best describes the result of mitosis?

Which stage of mitosis is the cell below currently in? (Hint: the chromatids are moving to opposite poles of the cell.)

Which statement below describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

Energy is ____________ during an exergonic reaction.

How does an enzyme speed up the rate of a chemical reaction?

A system that is highly ordered contains a lot of free energy (high G) and is also ______ than a system with a small amount of free energy.

What is the name of the process that leads to one phosphate group being removed from ATP (and thus, releasing energy) with the help of water?

The reaction in the graph above is ___________.

Is the change in free energy (DG) in the reaction above negative or positive?

What category below do many antibiotics fall into?

Energy ________ an ecosystem.

Choose the best definition for metabolism.

Which circled part of the ATP molecule below contributes most to its ability to provide energy for cells?

How many molecules of ATP are made during cellular respiration?

The products of respiration are: ATP, carbon dioxide, and _________.

Which process does fermentation keep going over and over again?

Where do the six molecules of CO₂ produced in respiration come from?

Assuming you start respiration with one molecule of glucose, how many rounds of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle is required to complete the respiration process?

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain at the end of respiration?

Which two molecules combine at the beginning of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle to create citrate?

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain? (What process is it powering?)

Which stage of respiration produces the majority of the total ATP produced by respiration?

Which molecule below shuttles electrons to the electron transport chain during respiration?

What stage of respiration is shown by the following reaction: C₆H₁₂O₆ à 2 pyruvate?

Which of the following parts of respiration is the only one that occurs outside the mitochondria?

What is the very first step in photosynthesis?

H+ gradients (differences in concentration across a membrane) are created during which of the following processes?

Oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis. Which statement below best describes where this oxygen comes from?

To create ATP in photosynthesis, H+ ions diffuse from the ___________ to the ____________ through ATP synthase.

How many CO₂ molecules are required for one round of the Calvin cycle?

Many leaves are green because ____________.

In CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthesis, plants open their stomata to exchange gases during the ____________.

In order to produce one molecule of glucose, how many ATP molecules are used in the Calvin cycle?

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

Why is the fact that plants use CO₂ in photosynthesis important to us as humans?

Photosynthetic pigments (such as chlorophyll) are found in the _____________ of the chloroplast.

What enzyme (said to be the most abundant enzyme on earth!) is used to combine RuBP and CO₂ in the Calvin cycle?

Which description below best describes homologous chromosomes?

What is the final product of meiosis?

At which point in meiosis does Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment apply?

When does crossing over occur?

What does it mean to say a cell is haploid?

What is the name for the process when homologous chromosomes pair up?

After Meiosis I, how many cells are present?

A butterfly is heterozygous for wing color and homozygous dominant for leg length. If the letter “W” is used to denote wing color and the letter “P” is used to denote leg length, what is the genotype of this individual?

If two parents who are heterozygous for two genes (i.e., AaBb) have offspring, what is the phenotype ratio of their offspring?

The human blood type system does not follow a complete dominance pattern. Which inheritance pattern does the human blood type system fall into?

What is the name for the inheritance pattern when multiple genes are involved in creating a specific phenotype?

If a red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant and the heterozygous offspring are pink, what type of dominance is this?

If the genotype of one parent (for a specific gene) is unknown, a homozygous recessive individual can be crossed with the unknown parent to determine his/her genotype. What is the term for this type of cross?

A(n) __________ is an alternative version of a gene (e.g., a purple flower vs. a white flower).

If you performed a cross between the genotypes Tt and tt, what percent of the offspring would you expect to be homozygous recessive for the gene?

In humans, why are X-linked recessive traits more commonly expressed in males than females?

Which of the terms below describes a situation where one gene affects multiple phenotypic traits?

Non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis results in _______________.

If the recombination frequency between two genes is less than 50%, this means __________.

Which of the following would be considered a true-breeding individual?

This man, a monk, is known as the “father of modern genetics.”

A mutation has occurred in the chromosome shown below. The one on the left is the normal version of the chromosome; the one on the right is the chromosome with the mutation. What is the name for this type of mutation?

Another name for Down syndrome is _____________.

What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?

Which of the following statements about Okazaki fragments is FALSE?

Which of the following combinations shows the correct bonding pattern between nucleotides (between two individual strands of DNA)?

Which protein is responsible for adding new bases to the growing DNA daughter strand?

Which of the people below did NOT help to discover the structure of DNA?

What does DNA stand for?

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Which term below describes the following aspect of DNA replication: the new DNA molecule is made up of one “parent strand” and one “daughter strand.”

To which end of the growing DNA strand are new nucleotides added?

What type of bond forms between nitrogenous bases on complementary DNA strands?

The strand labeled EàF is being built continuously, not in fragments like strand CàD. What is this strand (EàF) called?

Point C is located at the ____ end of the newly created strand of DNA.

The ultimate source of energy on Earth is ______________.