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Mikrobiologija – Pismeni Ispit

Total questions: 125

Worksheet time: 4hrs 3mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Što je virus složene strukture?

a)

virus krastavca mozaika

b)

HIV

c)

TMV

d)

rotavirus

2.

Okrugli točan iskaz:

a)

cryphonectria hipovirus pripada bakteriofagima

b)

cryphonectria gljive zaražene hipovirusom identificiraju se izolacijom dsRNA

c)

cryphonectria hipovirus ima vanjsku ovojnicu s izbočinama

d)

oporavak kestena od raka kore pripisuje se hipovirusnim izolatima gljive c. parasitica

3.

Okrugli točne izjave:

a)

biljni virusi uzrokuju pojavu enacija na korijenima zaraženih biljaka

b)

razvoj sistemske infekcije nije karakterističan za biljne viruse

c)

x-virus kaktusa uzrokuje latentnu i sistemsku virusnu infekciju

d)

pojava mozaik listova ukazuje isključivo na infekciju duhanovim mozaik virusom

4.

Što je ispravno?

a)

parakristali x-virusa kaktusa su okruglog oblika

b)

virusne stanične inkluzije obojene su bojama specifičnim za DNA kako bi bile vidljive pod svjetlosnim mikroskopom

c)

kristalne inkluzije uglavnom stvaraju biljni virusi i obično se nalaze u citoplazmi

d)

u parenhima stanica božićnog kaktusa mogu se promatrati virusni kristali u obliku vretena

5.

Ako virusna čestica ima ikosahedralnu strukturu:

a)

nikada nema vanjsku virusnu omotač

b)

uvijek ima vanjsku virusnu omotač

c)

kontura čestice bez vanjskog omotača je heksagonalna

d)

virusna čestica je u obliku metka

6.

Virus ljudske imunodeficijencije:

a)

uzrokuje maligne proliferacije leukocita (leukemija)

b)

koristi reverznu transkriptazu za prevođenje svoje RNA u DNA

c)

napada i uništava T4 trombocite

d)

ima gen za transformaciju tumora

e)

ima česticu u obliku štapa sa spiralnom strukturom bez vanjskog virusnog omotača

7.

Prion diseases:

a)

nisu rezultat infekcije

b)

ne mogu se dogoditi spontano

c)

nastaju kao rezultat replikacije prionskih molekula

d)

mogu se dogoditi s minimalnom mutacijom

8.

Rangirajte po veličini (najveći br. 1, najmanji br. 6): (deci, centi, mili, mikro, nano, piko)

a)

prionska molekula (253 aminokiseline)

b)

TMV (300 nm)

c)

virus dječje paralize (10-20 nm)

d)

pseudomonas (50-300 μm)

e)

Escherichia coli (1-2 μm)

9.

HIV je karakteriziran:

a)

proizvodnjom interferona

b)

upalnim odgovorom

c)

dugom inkubacijom

d)

imunološkim odgovorom

10.

Tobacco mosaic virus:

a)

vidljiv je pod svjetlosnim mikroskopom

b)

izgleda kao stakleni heksagonalni pločice

c)

sastoji se od virusnih čestica, biljnih proteina i razgrađenih organela

d)

formira parakristale

e)

ima oblik štapića

11.

Koja od sljedećih izjava najbolje opisuje latentnu infekciju?

a)

virusna genetska informacija je unutar stanice dugo vremena i ne replicira se

b)

virusna genetska informacija je kratko u domaćinu i uzrokuje smrt stanice

c)

virusna genetska informacija se integrira u domaćina što rezultira vanjskim simptomima kod domaćina

d)

virusne genetske informacije uvijek imaju vanjsku virusnu ovojnicu

12.

Za viruse, istina je da:

a)

RNA virusi brzo mutiraju

b)

reprodukuju se jednostavnom diobom

c)

infekciju nije moguće otkriti svjetlosnom mikroskopijom

d)

pokrenuli su razvoj živog svijeta

e)

nalaze se na granici između živog i neživog svijeta

13.

Viral infection of plant organisms can occur:

a)

eksperimentalnom procedurom koja uključuje trljanje lišća zaraženim sokom

b)

zbog nedostatka ili viška mineralnih tvari

c)

ujedom ušiju koje su prethodno sisale sok iz zdravih biljaka

14.

Što je inokulum?

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15.

Adsorpcija na površinu domaćinske ćelije je prva faza u reprodukciji:

a)

biljnih virusa

b)

priona

c)

životinjskih virusa

d)

mikrovirusâ

16.

Rotavirus:

a)

pripada obitelji Reoviridae

b)

sadrži vanjsku virusnu ovojnicu

c)

prenosi se isključivo kapljicama

d)

uzrokuje oštećenje moždanih stanica

e)

sadrži peplos

17.

Mimivirus:

a)

s mama virusom je najmanji poznati virus

b)

sadrži samo RNA molekulu

c)

nema proteinsku ovojnicu

d)

prvotno je otkriven u amebi

18.

Okrugli virus DNA:

a)

herpesvirus

b)

virus bjesnoće

c)

virus krastavca

d)

ebola

e)

rotavirus

19.

Kompleksno građeni virusni čestici se sastoje od:

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20.

Možemo identificirati virus:

a)

PCR-om

b)

isključivo TEM-om

c)

nijednom od ponuđenih metoda

d)

isključivo serološkim metodama

21.

Molekularna detekcija CHV1:

a)

se provodi korištenjem RT-CPR metode

b)

se provodi korištenjem reverzne transkripcije i lančane reakcije polimeraze

c)

uključuje sljedeće reakcijske korake: denaturacija, produžavanje lanca, konačno produžavanje lanca

d)

se provodi korištenjem restrikcijskih enzima

22.

Za Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) navedite: kojoj porodici pripada, kakvu vrstu genoma ima, koju bolest uzrokuje, kako se prenosi i koji su simptomi.

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23.

Nabrojite tri prionske bolesti:

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24.

Okrugli što od sljedećeg je komponenta PCR reakcije:

a)

etanol

b)

antitijelo

c)

Taq polimeraza

d)

RNaza

25.

Među brojnim bolestima, označite virusnu bolest:

a)

hepatitis

b)

difterija

c)

pneumonija

d)

tetanus

e)

kolera

26.

Okrugli uzročnik bolesti koji ne možete kultivirati na (umjetnom?) hranjivom mediju:

a)

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

b)

viroid krompirove vretenaste gomoljaste bolesti

c)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

d)

Salmonella typhi

e)

Streptococcus pneumoniae

27.

Za virus Ebole navedite: kojoj obitelji pripada, kakvu vrstu genoma ima, tko su prirodni domaćini, koje simptome uzrokuje kod ljudi.

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28.

Navedite metodu sterilizacije koju ste koristili za sterilizaciju hranjivog medija u praktikum.

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29.

Nabrojite tri bolesti uzrokovane viroidima?

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30.

Nabrojite tri bolesti uzrokovane viroidima?

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31.

Za grafting fitopatogenog gljiva c. parasitica, koristili ste ___PDA___ hranjivi medij.

(a)  

32.

Za grafting fitopatogenog gljiva c. parasitica, koristili ste sljedeći hranjivi medij:

a)

PDA

b)

PAD

c)

MAP

d)

ALPV

e)

WB

33.

Okrugli točan iskaz:

a)

Cryphonectria hipovirus može pomoći u oporavku slatkastog kestena od raka kore

b)

Cryphonectria parasitica zaražena CHV-1 u kulturi je narančasta

c)

Cryphonectria hipovirus se širi putem vektora

d)

Cryphonectria hipovirus ima vanjsku ovojnicu s bodljama

34.

Objasnite razliku između virogenih i vegetativnih tipova infekcije?

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35.

Koja je razlika između pozitivnog (+ssRNA) i negativnog (ssRNA)?

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36.

Navedi sve prionske bolesti kod životinja i ljudi i opiši ih.

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37.

Kako se odvija reprodukcija životinjskih virusa?

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38.

Navedite virus složene strukture.

(a)  

39.

Što je interferon?

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40.

Što je interferon?

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41.

Da li bakteriofagi imaju dsRNA?

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42.

Navedi teorije o podrijetlu virusa.

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43.

Koju vrstu genoma ima mimivirus?

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44.

Koja je razlika između tipova A, B i C gripe?

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45.

Što je satelitska RNA?

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46.

Što je ELISA?

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47.

Circle the type of high-risk HPV:

a)

type 56

b)

type 6

c)

type 54

d)

type 42

48.

Može li satelitska RNA replicirati bez pomoćnih virusa?

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49.

Okrugli virusnu bolest:

a)

mononukleoza

b)

gonoreja

c)

tetanus

d)

difterija

50.

Biljni virusi su većinom RNA.

a)

TOČNO

b)

NETOČNO

51.

What does TMV create?

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52.

Hypovirus belongs to:

a)

plant viruses

b)

animal viruses

c)

human viruses

d)

microviruses

53.

What is rotavirus?

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54.

What family does the West Nile virus belong to?

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55.

What is chain polymerase?

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56.

What type of virus is HIV?

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57.

Which family does the West Nile virus belong to?

a)

Reoviridae

b)

Flaviridae

58.

What is chain polymerase?

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59.

What is the shape of the HIV virus?

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60.

List at least 5 visible changes in a plant caused by a plant infection.

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61.

What is laminar?

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62.

Which family does the foot-and-mouth disease virus belong to?

a)

Picornaviridae

b)

RNA genome

63.

For what reasons do G+ bacteria prevail in the air?

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64.

Which type of bacteria prevails in the air?

a)

G+

b)

G-

c)

L - forms

d)

Mycoplasmas

65.

What is the purpose of deep agar?

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66.

What is the purpose of a Durham tube?

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67.

What are the forms of biofilm development on the walls of the tube?

a)

Model of heterogeneous mosaic

b)

Model with water tunnels

c)

Model of dense biofilm

68.

What methods did you use to inoculate bacteria during exercises?

a)

streak plate

b)

spread plate

c)

pour plate

69.

Explain what the image shows and describe it. Does the image show G- or G+ bacteria?

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70.

What is a pure culture?

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71.

The formation of hydrogen sulfide by the degradation of a liquid nutrient medium rich in amino acids is catalyzed by the enzyme:

a)

carbonic anhydrase

b)

amylase

c)

acetylcholinesterase

d)

desulfurase

72.

In the method of determining the belonging of bacteria by Gram using potassium hydroxide, the viscosity of the tested bacterial culture suspension increased due to:

a)

release of DNA from lysed cells

b)

presence of a thin layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

c)

presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

d)

reaction of KOH with cell proteins

73.

What is the purpose of making a decimal dilution?

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74.

Recall how we performed the inoculation of the biofilm sample during exercises and calculate the number of colony-forming units per cm² in the sample obtained.

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75.

Calculate the number of colony forming units per cm² in a sample obtained from scraping a glass slide with dimensions 3 cm x 7 cm. You obtained 20 ml of suspension and the number of colonies on the petri dish was 125.

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76.

Calculate the number of colony forming units per cm² in a sample obtained from scraping a glass slide with an area of 5 cm², made a suspension of 10 ml and seeded on the substrate by smearing method. The number of colonies is 250.

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77.

What is a colony forming unit?

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78.

What is Salvarsan?

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79.

Which statements are true about archaebacteria?

a)

a) They are pathogenic

b)

b) They do not contain peptidoglycan, but pseudomurein

c)

c) They do not tolerate extreme conditions

d)

d) They are the oldest cellular lineage

80.

Which bacterial genera produce antibiotics?

a)

a) Escherichia and Enterobacter

b)

b) Penicillium and Cephalosporium

c)

c) Bacillus and Streptomyces

d)

d) Salmonella and Shigella

81.

Why is the presence of chlorophyll A in cyanobacteria considered an advanced evolutionary trait? What other properties do we consider evolutionarily advanced?

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82.

What is the phytanyl group of archaebacteria made of?

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83.

What is the purpose/function of aquaporin in the bacterium Escherichia coli?

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84.

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is characterized by the following structures:

a)

a) Lipopolysaccharides and porins

b)

b) Teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

c)

c) Phospholipid bilayer and lipoproteins

d)

d) Ribitol and glycerol

85.

What are the purposes of pili?

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86.

What is the difference between protoplasts and spheroplasts?

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87.

What is the difference between protoplasts and spheroplasts?

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88.

What are the ways bacteria move?

a)

Flagellar movement

b)

Spirochetal movement

c)

Gliding movement

89.

How do spirochetes move, and how do spirilla move?

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90.

What are akinete?

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91.

List the three main functions of the cytoplasmic membrane.

a)

Identification

b)

Communication

c)

Regulation of solute exchange

d)

Isolation of cytoplasm from the external environment

92.

What are the ways we can carry out the process of cold sterilization?

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93.

What are the types of bacteria in relation to oxygen?

a)

Aerobes

b)

Facultative anaerobes

c)

Aerotolerant anaerobes

d)

Anaerobes (Clostridium, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria)

e)

Microaerophiles

94.

Compare bacterial flagella with archaeal flagella.

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95.

What types of flagella do polar arrangements have?

a)

Monotrichous

b)

Amphitrichous

c)

Ditrichous

d)

Peritrichous

96.

List all types of flagella you know.

a)

Monotrichous - only one flagellum

b)

Lophotrichous - small cluster of flagella

c)

Amphitrichous - flagella at both ends of the bacterium

d)

Peritrichous - flagella located all over the surface of the bacterium

97.

If we assume that ATP is produced in glycolysis, what is fermentation used for?

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98.

What is chemoautotrophy or chemolithoautotrophy?

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99.

Name 3 genera of chemoautotrophic bacteria.

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100.

Where does the bacterium that is aerobic, barophilic, and psychrophilic live?

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101.

Where does the bacterium that is aerobic, barophilic, and psychrophilic live?

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102.

What physical and chemical agents promote the germination of endospores?

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103.

How is ATP produced in the archaeobacterium genus Halobacterium under anaerobic conditions?

a)

a) ATP is produced by oxidizing organic substrates using sunlight.

b)

b) In aerobic conditions, ATP synthesis is performed by oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmotic), and the electron transport chain is located in the red membrane.

c)

c) In anaerobic conditions, bacteriorhodopsin located in the purple membrane uses light energy to pump protons into the extracellular space, creating a proton gradient that is used for chemiosmotic ATP synthesis.

104.

What is bacteriorhodopsin?

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105.

Name at least two bacterial exotoxins.

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106.

What does the FtsZ protein do?

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107.

What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?

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108.

What chemicals destroy bacterial cells and endospores?

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109.

Explain why G+ bacteria prevail on human skin.

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110.

Classify solid nutrient media according to their purpose.

a)

a) General-purpose media

b)

b) Enriched media - added growth factor

c)

c) Selective media

d)

d) Differential media

e)

e) Other various media

111.

Explain how bacterial growth manifests in liquid media.

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112.

How does a person intake vitamin B12?

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113.

Explain the difference between fermentation and respiration.

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114.

Explain the difference between fermentation and respiration.

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115.

List the parts of colimetry and explain them.

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116.

Which bacteria do we prove with colimetry?

a)

Escherichia Coli

b)

Enterobacter

c)

Klebsiella

d)

Hafnia

e)

Citrobacter

117.

Due to the occurrence of hysteresis, agar is:

a)

Always solid at temperatures above 85°C

b)

Solid or liquid in the range of 45 to 85°C

c)

Always liquid in the range of 45 to 85°C

d)

Always solid in the range of 45 to 85°C

118.

There are two basic groups of methods for determining the number of bacteria:

a)

Microscopic and macroscopic

b)

Simple and complex

c)

Direct and indirect

d)

Koch's and microscopic methods

119.

What is prontozil?

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120.

Granules:

a)

Store organic compounds

b)

Do not have a membrane

c)

Are characteristic only for cyanobacteria

d)

Have a single-layer membrane

121.

Which of the following processes is not present in spores?

a)

Enzymatic activity

b)

Respiration

c)

Synthesis of macromolecules

d)

Cell division

122.

Which of the following terms does not represent a virulence factor?

a)

Toxin

b)

Enzyme

c)

Capsule

d)

Granule

123.

If we say that a bacterium is a thermophilic acidophile, we actually said that its optimal growth conditions are:

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124.

What mechanism of bacteria in biofilm allows for joint action?

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125.

What is virulence?

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