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Principles of Medical Laboratory Science

Total questions: 110

Worksheet time: 1hrs 23mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Stated that Medical Technology is an application of principles of natural, physical and biological sciences. Performance of laboratory procedures. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

a)

Anna Fagelson

b)

Walters

c)

Heinemann

2.

Stated that Medical Technology is a performance of laboratory determinations and analyses. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Maintenance of health

a)

Anna Fagelson

b)

Walters

c)

Heinemann

3.

Stated that Medical Technology is a health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses. Obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Maintenance of good health.

a)

Anna Fagelson

b)

Walters

c)

Heinemann

4.

It is is an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination by various chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, and other medical procedures, techniques which will aid the physician in the diagnosis, study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general.

a)

Medical Scientist

b)

Medical Laboratory Scientist

c)

Medical Technician

d)

Medical Technology

5.

A premier inclusive university of choice aspiring to improve man as man by developing individuals through a legacy of _________________ and ______________________.

a)

Excellence in Future: Compassionate to Other People

b)

Excellent Value Formation: Compassionate Education

c)

Excellent education: Compassionate Value Formation

6.

The Our Lady of Fatima University, together with Fatima Medical Science Foundation, Inc., is dedicated to the improvement of man as man through the ________________of individuals imbued with _________, ______, and _______.

a)

Holy Formation: Kindness: Goodness: Respect

b)

Holistic Perfection: Intelligence, Trust, Compassion

c)

Holistic Formation: Knowledge: Skills: Virtues

7.

The College of Medical Laboratory Science aims to provide a quality educational program that embodies excellence in laboratory science for the development of _________________________________ through competent educators and state of the art laboratory equipment and facilities.

a)

internationally competent, respectful and highly-organized medical laboratories

b)

globally competitive, compassionate and highly-skilled medical laboratory scientists

c)

universal competency, kindness and highly-appreciated medical laboratory scientist

8.

The College of Medical Laboratory Science envisions itself to be the premier institution in the provision of quality _________________________________________________________.

a)

medical laboratory science performance, academe and practice by 2025

b)

thesis, education and practice by 2025

c)

laboratory facilities, dissertation and performance by 2035

d)

medical laboratory science education, research and practice by 2025

9.

RA 5527 also known as?

a)

The Philippine Medical Technologist Act of 1969

b)

The Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969

c)

The Philippine Medical Scientist Act of 1969

d)

The Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1959

10.

Intestinal parasites such as Taenia and Ascaris were mentioned in early writings.

a)

1500 B.C.

b)

1600 B.C.

c)

150 B.C.

d)

15000 B.C.

11.

Book for treatment of diseases containing description of the three stages of hookworm infection (Vivian Herrick)

a)

Egyptian Papyrus

b)

Ebers Papyrus

c)

Ebers Capyrus

d)

Egyptian Paperus

12.

He is the "Father of Medicine".

a)

Hippocritus

b)

Saint Luke

c)

Hippocrates

d)

Democritus

13.

Advocated the use of “mind and senses” as diagnostic tools. Described 4 humors or body fluids in the human body. Associated the appearance of bubbles on the surface of urine to kidney disease and chronic illness

a)

Hippocritus

b)

Saint Luke

c)

Hippocrates

d)

Democritus

14.

Made the first description of hematuria as the presence of blood in the urine.

a)

Rufus of Philippi

b)

Rufus of Ephesus

c)

Rufus of Corinth

d)

Rufus of Galacia

15.

Diagnosis by “water casting” was popularized.

a)

Middle Ages

b)

Dark Ages

c)

Early Ages

d)

Modern Ages

16.

Quacks reaped fortunes from diagnosing disease by the appearance of the urine. (Ruth Williams)

a)

1096-1348 (Medieval period)

b)

1096-1438 (Medieval period)

c)

1069-1438 (Medieval period)

d)

1096-1483 (Medieval period)

17.

Hindu doctors made the scientific observation that the urine of certain individuals ________ ants and that such urine has a _______ taste.

a)

Repelled: Salty

b)

Attracted: Sweetish

c)

Attracted: Bitterish

d)

Avoided: Sweetish

18.

Italian physician at the University of Bologna employed ____________ to perform certain tasks which would now be considered those of the medical technologist.

a)

Alexandria Giliani

b)

Alexandra Gellatto

c)

Alexander Giliani

d)

Alexandra Giliani

19.

She was an anatomist, serving as the first woman pro-sector or preparer of dissections for anatomical study.

a)

Alexandria Giliani

b)

Alexandra Gellatto

c)

Alexander Giliani

d)

Alexandra Giliani

20.

He invented and improved the compound microscope. He was the first to describe the red blood cells, to see protozoa, and to classify bacteria according to shape.

a)

Dimitri Mendeleev

b)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

c)

Robert Hooke

d)

Matthias Schleiden

21.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented and improved the compound microscope. He was the first to describe the red blood cells, to see protozoa, and to classify bacteria according to shape.

a)

16th century (1632-1723)

b)

17th century (1632-1723)

c)

17th century (1623-1732)

d)

17th century (1532-1623)

22.

Observed that proteins in the urine precipitated when boiled with acetic acid.

a)

Marcello Malphigi

b)

Rudolf Virchow

c)

Frederick Dekkers

d)

Hermann von Fehling

23.

Described as the “greatest” of the early microscopist. He was also the “Founder of Pathology” because of his contributions in the field of embryology and anatomy.

a)

Marcello Malphigi

b)

Rudolf Virchow

c)

Frederick Dekkers

d)

Hermann von Fehling

24.

Practiced pathology. He was the founder of the Archives of pathology in Berlin, Germany

a)

1843 – Hermann von Fehling

b)

1847- Rudolf Virchow

c)

1842- Rudolf Virchow

d)

1848 – Hermann von Fehling

25.

Performed the first quantitative test for urine sugar

a)

1843 – Hermann von Fehling

b)

1847- Rudolf Virchow

c)

1842- Rudolf Virchow

d)

1848 – Hermann von Fehling

26.

Production of aniline dyes which is used in staining bacteria for microscopy. Era of public health.

a)

29th century

b)

19th century

c)

9th century

d)

18th century

27.

Discovered the concepts of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Discovered that wine spoiling due to microbes could be prevented by partial heat sterilization (pasteurization) at a temperature of 55̊ ̊C – 60̊ ̊C. Developed a vaccine against anthrax in 1881.

a)

1816- Louis Pasteur

b)

1847- Rudolf Virchow

c)

1861- Louis Pasteur

d)

1874- Rudolf Virchow

28.

Formulated the Koch’s postulates

a)

Robert Koch

b)

Louis Pasteur

c)

Robert Kolch

d)

Louise Pasteur

29.

The first chemical laboratory related to medicine was established at the __________________ by _______________.

a)

University of New York; Dr. McArthur

b)

University of Michigan; Dr. Douglas

c)

University of Michigan; Dr. DeLuca

d)

University of Seattle; Dr. Douglas

30.

He pioneered laboratory instruction in this well-equipped laboratory.

a)

Dr. Douglas

b)

Dr. Webber

c)

Dr. Grey

d)

Dr. Shepherd

31.

Year when Dr. William H. Welch established another laboratory at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College. He gave the first laboratory course in Pathology ever offered in an American Medical School.

a)

1879

b)

1878

c)

1885

d)

1896

32.

Year when Dr. William H. Welch became the first professor of pathology at the John Hopkins University

a)

1879

b)

1878

c)

1885

d)

1896

33.

First clinical laboratory opened at the John Hopkins Hospital. Routine examination were carried out. Special attention being given to the search for malarial parasites in blood.

a)

1908, Dr. James C. Todd

b)

1869, Dr. William Osler

c)

1980, Dr. James C. Todd

d)

1896, Dr. William Osler

34.

Another clinical laboratory was also opened at the University of Pennsylvania. William Pepper Laboratory

a)

1996

b)

1896

c)

1869

d)

1986

35.

Wrote the book “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis”. It was retitled “Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods” in its 6 th edition by Dr. Todd and Dr. Arthur Sanford. This book became the standard reference for laboratories.

a)

1908, Dr. James C. Todd

b)

1869, Dr. William Osler

c)

1980, Dr. James C. Todd

d)

1896, Dr. William Osler

36.

Year when 100 technicians, all male employed in the United States. This increased to 3,500 in 1920. In 1922, 3,035 hospitals had clinical laboratories.

a)

1919

b)

1915

c)

1918

d)

1916

37.

Year when the state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have an adequate laboratory and to employ a full time laboratory technician.

a)

1919

b)

1915

c)

1918

d)

1916

38.

One of the first school to train laboratory workers.

a)

University of Pennsylvania

b)

University of New York

c)

University of Minnesota

d)

University of Maryland

39.

First to offer a degree level program.

a)

University of Pennsylvania

b)

University of New York

c)

University of Minnesota

d)

University of Maryland

40.

United States required a 2 year collegiate education and a twelve-month actual training in the laboratory for the preparation of its practice.

a)

1940

b)

1980

c)

1930

d)

1950

41.

Standard curriculum was formalized in preparation for a Bachelor of Science degree.

a)

1940

b)

1980

c)

1930

d)

1950

42.

Introduced the Medical technology in the Philippines

a)

8th Infantry Division of the Chinese Army

b)

6th Infantry Division of the U.S Army

c)

16th Infantry Division of the Russian Army

d)

9th Infantry Division of the Japanese Army

43.

Location of the first clinical laboratory in the Philippines.

a)

208 Quiricada St., Sta Cruz Manila

b)

208 Zone 3 St., Sta Cruz Manila

c)

208 Anonas St., Sta Cruz Manila

d)

208 Teresa St., Sta Cruz Manila

44.

He reorganized the deserted laboratory

a)

October 1, 1945 – Dr. Mariano Icasiano

b)

October 1, 1945 – Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda

c)

October 15, 1954 – Dr. Mariano Icasiano

d)

October 15, 1954 – Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda

45.

The first laboratory in the Philippines was later named _______________.

a)

Manila Public Health Laboratory

b)

Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda Memorial Laboratory

c)

Manila Health Laboratory

46.

Offered a training program to high school graduates who were interested to work as medical technicians (1947).

a)

Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana

b)

Dr. Carmen De Luna

c)

Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda

d)

Dr. Mariano Icasiano

47.

The first four-year Bachelor of Medical Technology Program was offered by the ___________________.

a)

Philippine Union College

b)

University of the Philippines

c)

University of Santo Tomas

d)

Centro Escolar University

48.

Offered Medical Technology as a major in the degree B.S in Pharmacy not B.S Medical Technology and without the 12-month internship training

a)

Philippine Union College

b)

University of the Philippines

c)

University of Santo Tomas

d)

Centro Escolar University

49.

Through the initiative of President Carmen De Luna and university registrar Generosa De Leon, delegated dean Purification Suaco to work for offering the degree B.S. Medical Technology

a)

Philippine Union College

b)

University of the Philippines

c)

University of Santo Tomas

d)

Centro Escolar University

50.

First graduate of the program in the PUC (1956)

a)

Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana

b)

Dr. Jessie Umali

c)

Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda

d)

Dr. Mariano Icasiano

51.

Medical Technologists usually have no choice of membership in one or more professional societies.

a)

True

b)

False

52.

These provide opportunities for professional growth and continuing education by offering workshops and seminars, and publishing journals.

a)

True

b)

False

53.

National organization of all registered medical technologists in the Philippines and is a non-stock, non-profit organization.

a)

Philippine Society of Medical Technology Students (PHISMETS)

b)

PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS (PAMET)

c)

Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health (PASMETH)

54.

“Father of PAMET”

a)

Crisanto G. Almario

b)

Charlemagne T. Tamondong

c)

Nardito D. Moraleta

d)

Felix E. Asprer

55.

“Emergence of the Profession”

a)

Crisanto G. Almario

b)

Charlemagne T. Tamondong

c)

Nardito D. Moraleta

d)

Felix E. Asprer

56.

Venue of the first national convention held on September 20, 1964.

a)

Far Eastern University

b)

University of the Philippines

c)

University of Santo Tomas

d)

Centro Escolar University

57.

PAMET was born at exactly ______ on ____________________ at the Manila Public Health Laboratory

a)

10:00AM : September 15, 1963

b)

10:00AM : September 20, 1964

c)

10:00PM : September 15, 1963

d)

10:00PM : September 20, 1964

58.

Public acceptance and recognition of PAMET and its good social standing. House Bill No. 7082 (MT Bill) May 10, 1967.

a)

Crisanto G. Almario

b)

Charlemagne T. Tamondong

c)

Nardito D. Moraleta

d)

Felix E. Asprer

59.

“Professional Recognition”

a)

Crisanto G. Almario

b)

Charlemagne T. Tamondong

c)

Nardito D. Moraleta

d)

Felix E. Asprer

60.
  • Council of Medical Technology Education
  • First MT Board Exam conducted by the 1 st Board of Examiners
  • PAMET Code of Ethics (August 6, 1968)
  • PAMET NEWS: 1 st Official Newspaper
a)

Crisanto G. Almario

b)

Charlemagne T. Tamondong

c)

Nardito D. Moraleta

d)

Felix E. Asprer

61.

Accreditation of PAMET as a bona fide professional organization for medical technologists by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) on May 24, 1975

a)

Crisanto G. Almario

b)

Charlemagne T. Tamondong

c)

Nardito D. Moraleta

d)

Felix E. Asprer

62.

“Legislative Agenda”

a)

Crisanto G. Almario

b)

Charlemagne T. Tamondong

c)

Nardito D. Moraleta

d)

Felix E. Asprer

63.

“Celebration of the Practice”

a)

Bernardo T. Tabaosares

b)

Charlemagne T. Tamondong

c)

Nardito D. Moraleta

d)

Felix E. Asprer

64.

Proclamation on September 15, 1972 of the third week of September as the Philippine Medical Technology Week

a)

Bernardo T. Tabaosares

b)

Charlemagne T. Tamondong

c)

Nardito D. Moraleta

d)

Felix E. Asprer

65.

“Career Advocacy”

a)

Bernardo T. Tabaosares

b)

Angelina R. Jose

c)

Nardito D. Moraleta

d)

Felix E. Asprer

66.

Approval of P75.00 professional tax of a registered medical technologist (RMT) by the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)

a)

Bernardo T. Tabaosares

b)

Angelina R. Jose

c)

Nardito D. Moraleta

d)

Felix E. Asprer

67.

“Educational Enhancement”

a)

Bernardo T. Tabaosares

b)

Angelina R. Jose

c)

Venerable D.V. Oca

d)

Felix E. Asprer

68.

- Monthly seminars for the continuing professional education of medical technologist

- Monthly medical missions offering free laboratory services to the poor and less fortunate

- Monthly quiz contests participated in by different medical technology schools in the country

- Classification of PAMET members into different categories (associate, junior, regular)

a)

Bernardo T. Tabaosares

b)

Angelina R. Jose

c)

Venerable D.V. Oca

d)

Felix E. Asprer

69.

“Image Building”

a)

Bernardo T. Tabaosares

b)

Angelina R. Jose

c)

Venerable D.V. Oca

d)

Carmencita P. Acedera

70.

- Approval of the upgrading of the salary standardization of government medical technologist from salary grade 13 to 22

- Fellow category in the membership was included - Inclusion of hazard pay equivalent to at least 25% of the basic monthly salary of MT

a)

Bernardo T. Tabaosares

b)

Angelina R. Jose

c)

Venerable D.V. Oca

d)

Carmencita P. Acedera

71.

“Proactivism”

a)

Marilyn R. Atienza

b)

Angelina R. Jose

c)

Venerable D.V. Oca

d)

Carmencita P. Acedera

72.

- Closer coordination between PAMET and PASMETH for the upliftment of the profession

- Acquisition of the PAMET Secretariat Office at Cityland 10 in Makati City in 1995 - Approval of the PAMET Constitution and By-Laws in 1992

a)

Marilyn R. Atienza

b)

Angelina R. Jose

c)

Venerable D.V. Oca

d)

Carmencita P. Acedera

73.

“International Leadership”

a)

Marilyn R. Atienza

b)

Norma N. Chang

c)

Venerable D.V. Oca

d)

Carmencita P. Acedera

74.

- Approval of the 1997 Code of Ethics of the Medical Technology Profession (March 7, 1997)

- Accident and sickness assistance to bona fide members of the association through the Bayanihan Plan

- Registration of the Philippine Journal of Medical Technology in the International Library of Congress with a corresponding ISSN Number

a)

Marilyn R. Atienza

b)

Norma N. Chang

c)

Venerable D.V. Oca

d)

Carmencita P. Acedera

75.

“Organizational Dynamism”

a)

Marilyn R. Atienza

b)

Norma N. Chang

c)

Agnes B. Medenilla

d)

Carmencita P. Acedera

76.

Submission of proposed amendments to RA 5527 to the House of Representatives

- Job fairs for newly-registered medical technologists

- Ratification of the 2002 PAMET Constitution and By-Laws on Dec. 6, 2003

- Recipient of the Most Outstanding Performance

- Launching of “Alagang Safeguard, Alagang Nanay” advertising campaign

a)

Marilyn R. Atienza

b)

Norma N. Chang

c)

Agnes B. Medenilla

d)

Carmencita P. Acedera

77.

“Interdisciplinary Networking”

a)

Marilyn R. Atienza

b)

Norma N. Chang

c)

Agnes B. Medenilla

d)

Shirley I. Fabian Cruzada

78.

- “Dagdag Karunungan, Kinabukasan ng Kalusugan Thesis/ Dissertation Grant”

- www.pamet.org

- Formulation and adaptation of PAMET vision-mission statements

- Implementation of the electronic membership ID system

- Approval of research fund for PAMET Members

- Formulation of the Institutional Review Board

- Inclusion of the Student Research Forum during the Medical Technology Week Celebration

a)

Marilyn R. Atienza

b)

Norma N. Chang

c)

Agnes B. Medenilla

d)

Shirley I. Fabian Cruzada

79.

“Beyond Expectations”

a)

Leila M. Florento

b)

Norma N. Chang

c)

Agnes B. Medenilla

d)

Shirley I. Fabian Cruzada

80.

CPE for medical technologists

• “Limang Hakbang Tungo sa Kalusugan” – a joint effort by PAMET and PNRC

• Heightened research-related activities through the help of Ms. Lily Alquiza

a)

Leila M. Florento

b)

Norma N. Chang

c)

Agnes B. Medenilla

d)

Shirley I. Fabian Cruzada

81.

“Soar Higher through V.O.I.C.E.”

a)

Leila M. Florento

b)

Romeo Joseph J. Ignacio

c)

Agnes B. Medenilla

d)

Shirley I. Fabian Cruzada

82.

V.O.I.C.E. stands for?

(a)  

83.

- Collaboration and enhanced linkages with academic institutions

a)

Leila M. Florento

b)

Romeo Joseph J. Ignacio

c)

Agnes B. Medenilla

d)

Shirley I. Fabian Cruzada

84.

“Empowerment”

a)

Leila M. Florento

b)

Romeo Joseph J. Ignacio

c)

Agnes B. Medenilla

d)

Rolando E. Puno

85.

National organization of all registered schools of medical technology in the Philippines.

a)

Philippine Society of Medical Technology Students (PHISMETS)

b)

PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS (PAMET)

c)

Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health (PASMETH)

86.

Has been tapping students to be active in various activities that promote stronger ties among different universities. Aims to establish camaraderie among students through activities like research, contests, and pageants

a)

Philippine Society of Medical Technology Students (PHISMETS)

b)

PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS (PAMET)

c)

Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health (PASMETH)

87.

PASMETH was formed in __________.

a)

1971

b)

1970

c)

1969

88.

Who appointed Dr. Serafin J. Juliano (FEU) and Dr. Gustavo U. Reyes to organize an association of deans heads of schools of medical technology and hygiene

a)

Director Narciso Albarracin

b)

Dr. Velia Trinidad

c)

Dr. Faustino Sunico

d)

Dean Zenaida Cajucom

89.

The first organizational meeting of PASMETH was held at the University of Santo Tomas.

a)

June 22, 1970

b)

May 13, 1970

c)

May 7, 1971

d)

April 30, 1972

90.

The first annual meeting of PASMETH was held at the University of Santo Tomas

a)

June 22, 1970

b)

May 13, 1970

c)

May 7, 1971

d)

April 30, 1972

91.

The original officers when PASMETH was organized in 1970 were reelected for a second term

a)

June 22, 1970

b)

May 13, 1970

c)

May 7, 1971

d)

April 30, 1972

92.

PASMETH was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) through the Committee on Legislation chaired by Mr. Cirilo S. Cajucom with the help of Atty. Dexter Bihis (PASMETH Legal Counsel)

a)

June 22, 1970

b)

October 6, 1989

c)

May 7, 1971

d)

April 30, 1972

93.

Part of the broad agenda for reforms in country’s education system, outlined by the Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM) in 1992.

a)

PASMETH

b)

PHISMETH

c)

DOH

d)

CHED

94.

Responsible for the administration, implementation and enforcement of regulatory policies on the regulation and licensing of various professions and occupations under its jurisdiction

(a)  

95.

The first PRC Commissioner, assumed office on January 2, 1974

a)

Architect Claro Cabrera

b)

Architect Eric C. Nubla

c)

Architect Cirilo S. Cajucom

d)

Architect Dexter Bihis

96.

Examination of tissues, sections, and excretions of the human body and other body fluids through electronic, chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, hematologic, serologic, immunologic, nuclear, or other laboratory procedures and techniques, either manually or not, is not a practice of medical technology.

a)

True

b)

False

c)

Maybe

97.

Blood banking procedures and techniques or other blood transfusion services is a practice of medical technology.

a)

True

b)

False

c)

Maybe

98.

Parasitologic, mycologic, and microbiologic procedures and techniques is a practice of medical technology.

a)

True

b)

False

c)

Maybe

99.

Histopathologic and cytotechnologic techniques is not a practice of medical technology.

a)

True

b)

False

c)

Maybe

100.

Clinical research involving plants and fungi requiring the use of and/or application of medical technology and procedures is a practice of medical technology.

a)

True

b)

False

c)

Maybe

101.

Duly registered physician who is especially trained in the methods of: 1. laboratory medicine 2.gross and microscopic study and interpretation of tissues, secretions, and excretions of the human body and its functions in order to diagnose disease, follow its course, determine the effectivity of treatment, ascertain the cause of death, and advance medicine by means of research.

(a)  

102.

• Normally considered the “head”

• Counterchecks the work done by a medical technologist

• His/Her signature should always be affixed in every result form released by the laboratory

(a)  

103.

Defined as a person who engages in the work of medical technology under the supervision of a pathologist or a licensed physician authorized by the Department of Health in places where there are no pathologist

(a)  

104.

Practicing without any valid board certification is, therefore, LEGAL and ALLOWED

a)

True

b)

False

c)

Maybe

105.

Someone trained to collect blood samples either through a skin puncture, venipuncture, or arterial puncture.

(a)  

106.

A laboratory practitioner who examines human specimens to detect cancer cells or diseases.

(a)  

107.

Skilled in the processing of human specimens for the study of normal and pathologic cellular changes and the association of such findings to clinical conditions of the patient.

(a)  

108.

Performs all the aspects of the job that HTs do and other more complex processing, staining, or identification procedures

(a)  

109.

Clinical laboratory scientist (CLS)/ medical technologist (MT) who has worked for a number of years in a specific discipline and has extensive knowledge and experience in that area.

(a)  

110.

Culture cells from tissue and body fluid samples to obtain chromosomes to be used in an analysis. Must master the art of cell culture, chromosome banding and analysis (“karyotyping”), and photography and darkroom skills.

(a)