3 types of Muscle Tissue

what percentage the skeletal muscle makes up the bulk of carcass weight?

(a)  

examples of skeletal muscle

(a)  

sarcolemma is:

(a)  

Myofibril consists of (a)  

examples of smooth muscles

(a)  

example of cardiac muscle

(a)  

Transverse banding pattern observed microscopically

(a)  

voluntary muscles include:

(a)  

involuntary muscles include:

(a)  

fasiculi is:

(a)  

Structural unit of skeletal muscle

(a)  

(a)   of total muscle volume

Remaining volume consists of (a)  

skeletal muscle fiber description:

(a)  

(a)   is generally many centimeters but do not extend the length of the entire muscle

What is the I-band

(a)  

I band contains the (a)   filament

A band contains the (a)   band

contains only thick filaments

(a)  

sarcomere

(a)  

The sarcomere includes both an ___band and the two half ___bands located on either side of the ____ band

(a)  

what is the repeating structural unit of the myofibril, and is also the basic unit where muscle contraction and relaxation occur

(a)  

what are the 6 proteins of myofilaments:

(a)  

There are (a)   different proteins associated with the myofibril

6 of the proteins associated with the myofibril account for (a)   of the total

Z Filaments:

(a)  

Z filaments connect with (a)   on either side of the disk

Initiated by stimuli at the sarcolemma

(a)  

Electrical stimulus starts in the spinal cord or brain, transmitted via nerves to which muscle?

(a)  

where does action potential start and travel to?

(a)  

nerve fibers that transmit stimuli to the skeletal muscles

(a)  

motor nerves touches the nerves of the

(a)  

in the nerves ions on the inside are made up of _____and ___ on the outside

(a)  

fluids residing inside and outside contain ____ and ___ charges

(a)  

electrical potential(net charge difference) is developed across the cell membrane

(a)  

requires energy(atp) to pump sodium out of cell and potassium back into the cell and maintain active transport

(a)  

Energy required to pump both ions across the membrane is (a)  

Electrical impulse carried along the membrane in muscle fibers

(a)  

—When an action potential is transferred from a motor nerve to muscle fibers it initiates (a)  

—

An action potential travels along the membrane surface of a nerve fiber, and is actually a wave of reversing electrical charges along membrane

(a)  

—Remember that the cell membrane at rest is______ surface and _____ surface

(a)  

is initiated by the sudden and dramatic increase in the permeability of the membrane to Na+

(a)  

—Na+ rushes in the cell to establish equilibrium between _____and ____

(a)  

This establishes the resting membrane potential

(a)  

action potential to the reestablishment of the resting membrane potential on a nerve fiber lasts about

(a)  

The combined structures of the myoneural junction form a small mound on the surface of the muscle fiber

(a)  

The stimulus (action potential) that initiates muscle contraction is transferred from the nerve fiber to the muscle fiber

(a)  

When an action potential arrives at the motor end plate it causes a chemical "transmitter" to be released

(a)  

which extremely potent poisons act at the myoneural junction

(a)  

food poisoning that blocks Acetylcholine from being released which stops muscles form contracting causing heart to stop

(a)  

thread-like structure within a muscle cell that contains the contractile proteins actin and myosin, responsible for muscle contraction.

(a)  

what is the trigger for muscle contraction

(a)  

describe muscle contraction in through and complete detail.

Action potential starts in the brain or spinal cord, then transmitted to the nerves membrane. The membrane becomes permeable to potassium and impermeable to sodium. which means potassium is pumped in and sodium is pumped out. The membrane depolarizes and it becomes permeable to sodium and impermeable to potassium. sodium is pumped in and potassium is pumped out. Next, action potential reaches the motor end plate where the nerve connects to the muscle fiber. To continue the signal, acetylcholine is released to amplify the action potential. The T-tubules then carry the action potential deep into the muscle fibers. This prompts the release of stored calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium is released into the cytoplasm and binds to Troponin-C, causing troponin I to change shape and form actomyosin (actin and myosin) cross bridges. The sarcomere decreases in length due to actin(thin filaments) being pulled toward the center. Actin filaments are being pulled toward the center. Lastly, The muscle contracts with the help of ATP energy required.

(a)  

sarcoplasmic reticulum

(a)  

is what the length of the sarcomere is dependent on

(a)  

Name the two cytoskeletal proteins involved with muscle contraction?

(a)  

if calcium is not present, is muscle contraction happening

(a)  

Describe muscle relaxation in thorough and complete detail:

Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum via a calcium pump using atp. Troponin-C unbinds from calcium, returns to its normal shape and troponin-I blocks the interaction between actin and myosin, preventing cross-bridge formation. cholinesterase (enzyme) is released and breaks down acetylcholine. Reestablish resting membrane potential by the sodium-potassium pump using ATP. Membrane becomes permeable to potassium and impermeable to sodium. To return to a relaxing state, the sodium-potassium pump, requiring ATP, works to pump potassium back into the muscle cell and pump sodium out. The membrane potential returns to its resting state. relaxing the muscles. This all happens in .5-1 millisecond.

(a)  

for the muscle to relax what needs to be present

(a)  

(a)   is how troponin and tropomyosin regulate actin and myosin

Troponin T

(a)  

Troponin C

(a)  

Troponin I

(a)  

what are Troponin's 3 subunits:

(a)  

how long is a sarcomere

(a)  

—During contraction, the length of actin and myosin filaments (a)  

What makes up the I-Band

(a)  

What makes up the A bands

(a)  

where does an excess of negative ions accumulate?

(a)  

where does the electrical potential exist?

(a)  

—what is Positive on the outside and negative on the inside

(a)  

—Extracellular fluid has a high concentration in

(a)  

Intracellular fluid has a high concentration in

(a)  

what concentrations are quite low

(a)  

________ is_____ times _____for ____than for _____

(a)  

what passes through the membrane with relative ease compared to Na+(sodium)

(a)  

As a result of______ , _____diffuses out of the cell more rapidly than____ diffuses in

(a)  

what type of ions pass through membrane with extreme difficulty

(a)  

the net flow of electrical charges across the membrane is due to

(a)  

(a)   of positive charges out of the cell does not continue indefinitely

—Once resting membrane potential is established further (a)   out of the cell is impeded

As the membrane potential increases

(a)  

muscle contraction is initiated when

(a)  

what at rest is positive on the outside surface and negative on the inside surface

(a)  

what rushes in the cell to establish equilibrium between inside and outside

(a)  

Increased permeability to Na+ only lasts

(a)  

—At the same time, permeability to K+ ____and as a result, an _____ of positive charges enters the cell ____the resting membrane potential

(a)  

—The newly reversed membrane potential (a)  

—The sodium-potassium pump in the cell membrane (a)  

group of muscle fibers

(a)  

What is the role of Acetylcholine in muscle contraction?

(a)  

stored in small vesicles found at the end of nerves and contents of a few vesicles are released with each action potential

(a)  

an organelle where the calcium is stored

(a)  

—what happens when the sarcolemma comes into contact with acetylcholine

(a)  

—how does the action potential propagate deep into an individual muscle fiber?

(a)  

—a continuation of the muscle cell membrane and resemble small invaginations in the sarcolemma when viewed with a microscope

(a)  

—When muscle is in relaxed state concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm is

(a)  

—However, the total concentration of calcium in skeletal muscle is

(a)  

(a)   are the major contractile proteins and form the actin and myosin filaments of the myofibril

(a)   play the role of regulatory proteins and assist in turning the contractile process “on” and “off”

—Which depends on how much Ca+ ions are present

when is force generated

(a)  

the skeletal muscle is composed of (a)  

•Relatively elastic

–Enables it to endure distortion during contraction, relaxation, and stretching

(a)  

The cytoplasm of muscle fibers

(a)