How microbial cells function biochemically, including the study of microbial growth, microbial metabolism, and microbial cell structure.

How genes are organized and regulated in microbes in relation to their cellular functions

Evolution of microbes

Role of microbes in human illness, including the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology

Microorganisms that affect animal health

Function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments

Exploitation of microbes for use in industrial processes.

Study of airborne microorganisms

Microorganisms causing food spoilage and public health concerns.

The study of bacteria

The study of fungi

The study of protozoa

The study of algae

The study of parasites

The study of virus

Advanced the spontaneous generation in 1546.

A Dutch lens maker, was the first to document microorganisms, which he called “animalcules properly.”

He was referred to as the founder of experimental biology and the father of modern parasitology. He was the first one to oppose/ challenge Spontaneous generation.

He opposed Redi’s claim by demonstrating in one of his experiments. Boiled a broth (gravy) and he detected microorganism after several days.

He repeated Needham’s experiment and demonstrated that no microorganism survived boiling the broth for 1 hour for as long as the container is sealed.

Invented pasteurization. Ended/abolished the controversy about spontaneous generation

Established the microbial cause of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Discovered the vaccine for smallpox. His work is widely regarded as the foundation of immunology

Developed the porcelain filter to produce bacteriologically – sterile water for the production of culture media. He was also credited for starting a research project that led to the invention of the autoclave device in 1879.

He differed from later researchers of viruses only in his supposition that the pathogenic agent in question was a minuscule bacterium, rather than an entirely new and different type of organism.

One of the founders of virology and environmental microbiology. Also demonstrated the filterability of the agent of tobacco mosaic disease. He asserted that the virus was somewhat liquid, calling it "contagium vivum fluidum" (contagious living fluid).

Identified the first filterable agent from animals, the virus of foot and mouth disease. (Apthovirus, Family: Picornaviridae)

Described the filterable agent of Yellow fever Virus. (Flavivirus, Family: Flaviviridae)

Demonstrated the oncogenic potential of the filterable agent.

Observed that bacteria were susceptible to a filterable agent.

Made a similar observation as Twort named these viruses “BACTERIOPHAGE”

Succeeded in growing vaccinia virus using guinea pig cornea embedded in clotted plasma.

Used mice as a host species for propagating viruses

Were successful in propagating fowl pox virus on the chorioallantois membrane of embryonated eggs.

Observed vaccinia virus using a light microscope

Employed the newly-developed electron microscope and a metal shadowing technique to identify tobacco mosaic virus in purified preparations

Obtained tomato bushy stunt virus.

Demonstrated crystallization of TMV.

Showed that TMV contained Nucleic acid as well as proteins.

Suggested that viral nucleic acids were surrounded by a shell of identical protein subunits.

Proposed a universal system on which the modern classification of viruses is based.

Which is not true about bacteria?

Which of the following is true about virus?

Toxic chemical compound produced by certain fungi that can cause disease in animals and humans if present on crops or in stored food such as grain or nuts.

Infectious agents composed exclusively of a single piece of circular single stranded RNA which has some double-stranded regions.

Proteinaceous infectious particle

Only human disease known to be caused by a viroid

A nutrient material prepared for the growth of microorganisms in a laboratory

Microbes that are introduced into a culture medium to initiate growth

Microbes that grow and multiply in or on a culture medium

Designed to grow a broad spectrum of microbes that do not have special growth requirements

A broth or solid medium containing a rich supply of special nutrients that promotes the growth of fastidious organisms

Designed to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of the desired microbes.

Distinguish between different groups of bacteria and even permit tentative identification of microorganisms based on their biological characteristics.

One medium used to isolate the typhoid bacterium, the gram-negative Salmonella typhi, from feces.

Inhibits growth of Gram-positive bacteria and thus is selective for Gram-negative bacteria. Differentiate between various gram-negative bacilli that are isolated from fecal specimens.

Used to screen for Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus grow turns the originally pink medium to yellow due to its ability to ferment.

Also a differential medium because it is used to determine the type of hemolysis that the bacterial isolate produces

Selective enrichment media used for the isolation of Salmonella spp. from samples containing other Gram-negative enteric organisms

A blood agar-based selective medium used for the isolation and recognition of Streptococci spp.

An indicator medium for presumptive identification of Salmonella spp. Colonies and surrounding medium have a pink color.

Used for Salmonella spp. Isolation, other Gram-negative will also grow; Media turns yellow (lactose-fermenter) or purple (non-lactose fermenter). Black colonies are H2S producers

Presumptive identification of E. coli ( green metallic sheen), other Gram-negative will also grow.

Differentiating Streptococci spp. from Enterococci spp. Blackening: Enterococci spp.

For Brucella spp.

Selective for Bordetella spp. (media turns blue, other turns yellow)

Campylobacter spp. and Brucella spp.

Isolation of Mycobacterium spp.

Leptospira spp.

Differentiates Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and other lactose non fermenters from fermenters; H2S reactions are also observable.

Cryptococcus neoformans and other fungi.

Primary stain used for for gram staining

Primary stain used for Ziehl-Neelsen Method - determine if bacteria is acid-fast or non-acid fast

Primary stain used for Endospore Staining

Result of gram staining

Result of Ziehl-Neelsen Method

Result of Endospore Staining

Father of taxonomy

Dependent on atmospheric O2 for growth.

Do not tolerate O2 and die in its presence.

Ignore O2 and grow equally well whether it is present.

Can use oxygen when it is present but can continue growth using fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is unavailable.

Damaged by the normal atmospheric level of O2 (20%) and require O2 levels below the range of 2 to 10% for growth.

Aerobic bacteria with a requirement for carbon dioxide.

Cold-loving bacteria

An organism that thrives in extreme environments.

Cold-tolerant bacteria or archaea that can grow at low temperatures

Also called moderate-temperature-loving microbes

Heat-loving bacteria that can survive and thrive at relatively high temperatures.

Extreme thermophiles and superheat-loving microbes.

Bacteria can be identified through biochemical methods because they produce large volumes of which of the following?

What biochemical test is used to test an organism's ability to liquefy gelatin by the production of gelatinase enzyme and To differentiate organisms into different groups based on their ability to hydrolyze gelatin.

What biochemical test is used to determine the ability of the microorganism to produce gaseous end products in fermentation.

What biochemical test is used to differentiate organisms based on their ability to hydrolyze starch with the enzyme, α-amylase.

What biochemical test is used to cultivate and maintain cultures of lactic acid bacteria. Also used to differentiate microorganisms based on various metabolic reactions in litmus milk, including fermentation, reduction, clot formation, digestion, and the formation of gas.

A biochemical test used to test for aerobic organisms that detects the production of catalase enzymes in the organism.

A biochemical test to determine if an organism is capable of fermenting citrate in the presence of citrase.

A biochemical test that is used mainly to assist in the identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

A biochemical test that is is performed as a part of the IMViC test that is used to differentiate the members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is important in the identification of different bacteria like Escherichia coli, Proteus, Morganella, etc.

A biochemical test used to differentiate two major types of facultative anaerobic enteric bacteria based on the production of acid. It identifies the bacterial ability to produce stable acid end products using a mixed-acid fermentation of glucose.

A biochemical test used to differentiate two major types of facultative anaerobic enteric bacteria based on the production of neutral products.

These organisms are responsible for the decomposition of refractory materials (resistant to decomposition), such as pollen, cellulose, chitin, and keratin.

The majority of species are saprobes, meaning they feed on decaying organic matter. They play an important part in the carbon cycle because they break down soil, plant materials, and feces.

It is distinguished by the development of an ascus (plural, asci), a sac-like structure containing haploid ascospores. Many are important commercially. Some are useful, such as yeasts used in baking, brewing, and wine fermentation, as well as truffles and morels, all of which are considered gourmet delicacies

The reproductive organs of this fungus, are frequently found within the recognizable mushroom, which can be seen in fields after rain, on supermarket shelves, and growing on your lawn.

The hyphae interact with the root cells, forming a mutually beneficial relationship in which the plants supply the fungus with carbon and energy in the form of carbohydrates, and the fungus supplies the plant with essential minerals from the soil. They do not reproduce sexually and cannot live in the absence of plant roots. They do not develop zygospores.

He opposed Redi’s claim by demonstrating in one of his experiments. Boiled a broth (gravy) and he detected microorganism after several days.