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WorksheetsAP Psychology - Unit II
Total questions: 57
Worksheet time: 40mins
Which three phenomena make our intuition and common sense unreliable when observing the present and predicting the future?
Hindsight bias
Lack of judgmental confidence
Judgmental overconfidence
Tendency to perceive patterns in random events
Cynical attitude
The "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon is also known as
hindsight bias.
prophecy bias.
judgmental overconfidence.
being right.
After the student council election, a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be elected president. What does this seem to illustrate?
Skepticism
Critical thinking
Hindsight bias
Overconfidence
Perceiving order in random events
While taking a standardized test with randomly scrambled answers, you notice that your last four answers have been "c." Which of the following is true concerning the probability of the next answer being "c"?
It is higher. Once a streak begins, it is likely to last for a while.
It is lower. Since answers are distributed randomly, "c" answers become less common.
It is unaffected by previous answers. It is likely to be "c" as any other answer.
You should check your previous answers. Four "c's" in a row are impossible.
It is higher. Test constructors trick students by keeping the same answer many times in a row.
What do we call the tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions prior to testing?
Hindsight biass
Judgmental overconfidence
Skepticism
Reliability
*** examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, confirms evidence, and assesses conclusions. It does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions.
Curiosity
Intuition
Cynical attitude
Critical thinking
What are the attributes of scientific attitude?
Skepticism
Curiosity
Openness to surprises and new perspectives
Awareness of our own vulnerability to error
A theory...
attempts to logically organize what was observed.
if right, can predict behavior or events.
offers possible explanations of behavior or events.
is a priori right.
"Sleep boosts memory". What would more likely be stated this way?
Theory
Hypothesis
"When sleep deprived, people remember less from the day before". What would more likely be stated this way?
Theory
Hypothesis
Why do scientists use operational definitions rather than dictionary definitions?
Operational definitions describe concepts with less precise procedures or measures.
Operational definitions are easier to understand to a simple mind.
Dictionary definitions will not explain what the term meant in the test's context and how it was measured.
Operational definitions will not allow to replicate the test - which is good for a researcher in case his results and conclusions were wrong.
A researcher conducted an experiment. Years later, another researcher decided to replicate this experiment, but he got results that were diametrically opposite. What can we say about the test?
Invalid
Reliable
Valid
Unreliable
What type of research methods case study, naturalistic observation, and surveys fall within?
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
Identify the statements that are true to researching via case study method.
Describes behavior, but doesn't explain it.
Its results are still reliable even if an atypical individual was studied.
It is the most reliable research method.
Case study alone allows to be confident about its findings.
Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?
People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less.
Teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets that teenage males.
Students with low IQ scores tend to have lower grades.
Student's shoe sizes are not related to their grades.
Which of the following is used only in correlation studies?
Double blind
Scatterplot
Placebo
Random sample
Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore,
income and sleep levels are positively correlated.
income and sleep levels are negatively correlated.
income and sleep levels are inversely correlated.
income and sleep levels are not correlated.
lower income levels cause individuals to have fewer hours of sleep.
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables?
+0.30
-0.12
-1.3
-0.7
A researcher looking for gender difference in 3-year-olds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of research is she conducting?
Case study
National study
Random sample method
Naturalistic observation
Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey?
Is IQ related to grades?
Are students more likely to be politically liberal or conservative?
Does extra sleep improve memory?
Are violent criminals genetically different from nonviolent criminals?
If researchers want to estimate, from a representative sample of people, the attitudes or reported behaviors of a whole population, what is the best research method for them?
Case study
Naturalistic observation
Survey
Correlation studies
Experiment
Gerald was researching the experience drivers had with the car he liked. He interviewed only those drivers who rated the car (on the scale 1-5) 4 and bigger. This is an example of...
sampling bias.
ignorance.
human nature.
participant's bias.
Dr. Wiebe wants to research the effects of high school students' attitudes towards their respective teachers on their studying of the object. She randomly assigned children from Grades 9 to 12.
High school students are
the population.
the representation.
laborants.
reciprocal researchers.
These are ***. The first one indicates *** correlation, the second one indicates *** correlation, the third one indicates *** correlation.
Scatterplots; negative; positive; no.
Scatterplots; positive; no, negative.
Scatterplots; positive; negative; no.
Scatterplots; no, negative, positive.
Jenny noticed an interesting phenomenon: the more black cars she sees on her way to school, the worse her day is going to be.
What kind of correlation occurs between the black cars and how bad Jenny's day will be?
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
No correlation
Illusory correlation
What is the best type of research to isolate cause and effect?
Descriptive
Correlation studies
Experiment
In an experiment, *** group is not exposed to the treatment.
Experimental
Control
Placebo
An experimental procedure in which both researcher participants and the research staff are ignorant who received treatment and who received placebo.
Single blind study
Double blind study
No such procedure is conducted
This procedure doesn't have a specific name
Ms. Wiebe, an educational psychologist, was studying how time given for memorizing information impactы Grade 10 students' learning.
She gave them a list of 50 words to memorize on Monday morning and tested them in the afternoon of Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday.
Jessie, who was known for having a very good memory, surprised everyone when she recalled only 10 words on the first day, 20 on the second day, and 25 words on the third day.
It turned out Jessie recently had a very bad concussion, which affected her ability to focus on a task and made her drowsy.
In this experiment, Jessie's concussion is an example of
a dependent variable.
an independent variable.
a placebo.
a confounding variable.
In the experiment, manipulation of *** variable impacts *** variable.
Independent; dependent.
Dependent; independent.
If a test doesn't measure what it's supposed to measure, the test is...
Reliable
Unreliable
Valid
Invalid
The bar graph is another word for
scatterplot.
histogram.
simple graph.
correlation.
On the AP Psychology exam students got the following results:
1 student - 100/100.
1 student - 96/100.
1 student - 86/100.
2 students - 76/100.
1 student - 67/100.
What is the mode?
86/100.
83.5/100.
82/100.
76/100.
67/100.
On the AP Psychology exam students got the following results:
1 student - 100/100.
1 student - 96/100.
1 student - 86/100.
2 students - 76/100.
1 student - 67/100.
What is the mean?
86/100.
83.5/100.
82/100.
76/100.
67/100.
On the AP Psychology exam students got the following results:
1 student - 100/100.
1 student - 96/100.
1 student - 86/100.
2 students - 76/100.
1 student - 67/100.
What is the median?
86/100.
83.5/100.
82/100.
76/100.
67/100.
The skewed distribution is shown
to the left from the player's perspective.
to the right from the player's perspective.
The normal curve is shown
to the left from the player's perspective.
to the right from the player's perspective.
*** help us determine if results can be generalized to other populations.
Significant statistics
Normal statistics
Inferential statistics
Skewed statistics
A group of men and a group of women are tested to measure their levels of aggression. The variability in women's and men's scores is small; this makes the researchers ***. The difference between the sample averages is, however, large. This makes researchers ***.
More confident in the results they got; more confident in the results they got.
More confident in the results they got; less confident in the results they got.
Less confident in the results they got; less confident in the results they got.
Less confident in the results they got; more confident in the results they got.
When two samples' averages are reliable, and when the difference between them is relatively large, the difference between them *** statistical significance.
Has
Has not
Which of the following is a measure of variation?
Range
Mean
Mode
Frequency
Median
Which statistical measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores?
Mean
Median
Mode
Skew
Correlation
A researcher calculates statistical significance for her study and finds a 5 percent chance that results are due to chance. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of this finding?
This is well beyond the range of statistical significance.
This is the minimum result typically considered statistically significant.
There is no way to determine statistical significance without replication of the study.
Chance or coincidence is not related to statistical significance.
Descriptive statistics ______________, while inferential statistics ______________.
indicate the significance of the data; summarize the data.
describe data from experiment; describe data from surveys and case studies.
are measures of central tendency; are measures of variance.
determine if data can be generalized to other populations; summarize data.
summarize data; determine if data can be generalized to other populations
In a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean?
2%
34%
50%
68%
95%
Which of the following is more likely to be emphasized in individualistic cultures than in collective cultures?
Gender differences
Shared goals
Personal achievement
Cooperation with the group
Preservation of tradition
What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?
Keep information about participants confidential.
Allow participants to choose whether to take part.
Protect participants from potential harm.
Provide participants with a pre-experimental explanation of the study.
Provide participants with a post-experimental explanation of the study.
Which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research?
Institutional Review Board approval
Informed consent
Confidentiality
Debriefing
Protection from physical harm
Which of the following beliefs would most likely be held by an individual in collectivist culture?
Children should be encouraged to focus on personal goals and aspirations.
Children should be encouraged to develop harmonious relationships.
It is important to be competitive and assertive in order to get ahead in life.
If you want something done well, you should do it yourself.
Why is an operationl definition necessary when reporting research findings?
An operational definition allows others to replicate the procedure.
An operational definition provides more context and includes many examples of the concept described.
An operational definition is easier to translate into multiple languages than a dictionary definition.
An operational definition uses more scientific language than a dictionary definition.
Which descriptive statistic would a researcher use to describe how close a student's SAT score is to school's average SAT score?
Correlational coefficient
Mean
Median
Standard deviation
Range
When a distribution of scores is skewed, which of the following is the most representative measure of central tendency?
Inference
Standard deviation
Mean
Median
Why is random assignment of participants to groups an important aspect of properly designed experiment?
Choose the best answer.
If the participants are randomly assigned, the researcher can assume that the people in each of the groups are pretty similar.
By randomly assigning participants, the researcher knows that whatever is learned from the experiment will also be true for the population from which the participants were selected.
What would be the most useful statistic for measuring the variation?
Range
Mean
Median
Standard deviation
Mode
The most frequently occurring score in a set of data is
mode.
mean.
median.
The average of all scores in a set of data is
mode.
mean.
median.
The middle score in a set of data (e.g. 50 if scores are 1 to 100) is
mode.
mean.
median.
