a type of connective tissue characterized by spread-out cells separated by nonliving material called MATRIX

HISTOLOGY iis responsible for the characteristics of bone

responsible for the major functional characteristics of bone

responsible for the characteristics of bone

mature bone matrix has __% organic and __%inorganic material

what do you call calcium phosphate crystals

responsible for flexible strength

responsible for the weight bearing strength

bone forming cells

this contains high concentrations of calcium ions and phosphate (hydroxyapatite)

once an osteoblast has secreted enough bone matrix to become surrounded by it, it is then referred to as an ___________

relatively inactive compared with most osteoblasts (but still produces the components needed to maintain the bone matrix)

Bone destroying cells

derived from the red bone marrow cells

ORIGIN OF BONE CELLS (check all that applies)

first type of bone that osteoblasts form during ossification that is fairly weak

process of removing old bone and adding new bone

woven bone is remodeled into a stronger, more permanent type called

mature bone that is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers

bone shape that is longer than they are wide

bone shape: thin, flattened shape and are usually curved

shaft of the bone

covers the outer surface of bone except where an articular cartilage is present

endosteum

round or nearly cube-shaped

lines the inner cavities of the bone

have shapes that do not regularly fit into the other three categories

part of the bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from the diaphysis

contain an interior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

have similar composition to the epiphysis of long bones (compact bone surfaces surrounding a spongy bone center with small spaces that are usually filled with marrow

long bones and bony projections increase in length because of __________

FACTORS AFFECTING BONE GROWTH (check all that applies)

increases general tissue growth including overall bone growth

required for normal growth of all tissues (decrease TH - smaller individual

estrogen and testosterone initially stimulate bone growth, which accounts for the burst of growth at puberty; also stimulates ossification of epiphyseal plates - thus cessation of growth

Arrange the process of calcium homeostaasis

I. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release Ca2+ into the blood.

II.in the kidneys,PTH increases Ca2+ reabsorption from the urine. PTH also stimulates active vitamin D formation.

III.calcitonininhibits osteoclasts, which allows enhanced osteoblast uptake of Ca2+ from the blood to deposit into bone.

IV.vitamin D promotes Ca2+ absorption from the small intestine into the blood.

V.decreased blood Ca2+ stimulates PTH secretion from parathyroid glands.

VI. increased blood

Ca2+ stimulates calcitonin secretion from the thyroid gland.

EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (check all that applies)

average adult has ___ bones

axial skeletons ____ bones

rib cage (thoracic cage) has how many bones

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Composed of:

each digit consists of small long bones called ___

superior portion of the ilium

__________ pelvis is broader and larger, more rounded pelvic inlet and outlet

larger bone of the leg, supports weight

AXIAL SKELETON

composed of the :

parietal and occipital bones

are seen in this view

thoracic region is

lumbar region is

commonly named according to the bones or portion of bones that join together

What do u call non movable joints

slightly movable joints

Joints are classified structurally to 3 ( all is correct except)

joints that are freely movable are called

are seams found only between the bones of the skull; may have become completely immovable in older adults

These are examples of Syndesmoses :

radioulnar - radius and ulna

stylohyoid - styloid process

and hyoid bone stylomandibular - styloid

process and mandible tibiofibular - tibia and

fibula

Specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held in place by fine bundles of regular collagenous connective tissue

consists of two flat bone surfaces of about equal size between which a slight gliding motion can occur ; considered uniaxial because some rotation is also possible but is limited by ligaments and adjacent bone

uniaxial joint in which a convex cylinder in one bone is applied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone examples: elbow joint knee joint

All are major joints in the body except:

I. temperomandibular joint

II. shoulder joint

III. elbow joint

IV. hip joint

V. knee joint

VI. ankle joint and arches of the foot

EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE JOINTS (check all that applies)

consists of a ball (head) at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a portion of the ball fits

occurring around one axis

allowing a wide range of movement in almost any direction

a saddle joint is ___

consists of relatively cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament

considered uniaxial because some rotation is also possible but is limited by ligaments and adjacent bone

slightly movable type of fibrous joint

joints between the teeth and the sockets (alveoli) of the mandible and maxillae

viscous lubricating film that covers the surfaces of the joint

condyloid joint; a modified ball-and-socketjoint

BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT is a

this is another name for cheekbones

bones in this part of the body in general are

thicker, heavier, and longer

a ring of bone consisting of right and left hipbones (ossa coxae or coxal bones) and sacrum

parietal bones are joined at midline by the

parietal bones are joined to

the occipital bone by the

thhe lateral view of the skull is joined by the _____

there are how many floating ribs

this is the breastbone also known as “Sword shaped”

known as (handle) - “sword handle”

superior margin of the manubrium

also known as "sword tip"

this has no joint cavity or no movements

the appendiculkar skeleton protects brain, spinal cord,

and the vital organs housed within the thorax

thee foot consists of __ tarsals

________ as a unit is convex dorsally and concave ventrally

distributes the weight of

the body between the heel and the ball of the foot during standing and

walking

large sesamoid bone located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle group

articulates with the

patellar groove of the femur to create a smooth articular surface over the

anterior distal end of the femur

name the part iin number 17

name number 22

it is when woven, spongy bone replaces the internal and external calluses

occurs at freely movable joints, such as the shoulder

movement of a structure in an inferior direction. This involves opening the mouth

is turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces laterally

is when the end of the bone is pulled out of the socket in a ball and socket, ellipsoid, or pivot joint

softening of adult bones due to calcium depletion; often caused by vitamin D deficiency

it lines the joint cavity everywhere except over the articular cartilage

are elongated ball and socket joints