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WorksheetsImmunology Exam 2: Lectures 7&8
Total questions: 98
Worksheet time: 5hrs 52mins
Cytokines are defined as ________________.
low molecular weight proteins or glycoproteins secreted predominantly by WBC in response to various stimuli
signals that act in nearby cells
signals that act on the cell secreting it
signals that act systemically on cells located at distant areas
_____________ signaling acts in nearby cells
Endocrine
Autocrine
Paracrine
Pleiotropy
Redundancy
__________ signaling acts on the cell secreting it.
Endocrine
Autocrine
Paracrine
Pleiotropy
_____________ signaling acts systemically on cells located at distant areas.
Endocrine
Autocrine
Paracrine
Pleiotropy
____________ is when one cytokine activates a number of cell lines.
Endocrine
Autocrine
Paracrine
Pleiotropy
____________ is when different cytokines activate the same cell lines.
Synergy
Redundancy
Paracrine
Pleiotropy
___________ is when different cytokines act together to cause an effect.
Synergy
Redundancy
Antagonism
Pleiotropy
___________ is when one cytokine blocks the action of another.
Synergy
Redundancy
Antagonism
Pleiotropy
Which of the following cytokines belong to the family Immunoglobulin superfamily receptor.
IL-1
IL-2
IL-4, IL-5, IL-12
IL-13
IFN-⍺, IFN-β, IFN-γ
Which of the following cytokines belong to the hematopoietin family (Class I)?
IL-1
IL-2
IL-4, IL-5, IL-12
IL-13
IFN-⍺, IFN-β, IFN-γ
Which of the following cytokines belong to the interferon receptor family (Class II)?
IL-1
IL-2
IL-4, IL-5, IL-12
IL-13
IFN-⍺, IFN-β, IFN-γ
Which of the following cytokines belong to the TNF receptor family?
TNF-⍺
IFN-⍺, IFN-β, IFN-γ
TNF-β
IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-12
IL-10
Which of the following cytokines belong to the Chemokine receptor family?
TNF-⍺
IFN-⍺, IFN-β, IFN-γ
TNF-β
IL-8
IL-1, IL-2, IL-10
What is(are) the consequence(s) of having a defect in the γ chain of the IL-2 receptor subfamily?
There will be a defect in both B and T cell development and differentiation
There will be a defect in B cell development and differentiation only
There will be a defect in T cell development and differentiation only
There is no affect.
What viral products mimic cytokines and/or cytokine receptors?
An IL-10 homolog which binds to the IL-10 receptor produced by EBV
3 different chemokine receptor homologs are produced by the Cytomegalovirus which function to bind up soluble chemokines
Soluble IFN-γ receptors which tie up secreted IFN-γ produced by Several Pox Viruses
An IL-2 homolog which binds to the IL-2 receptor produced by EBV
TH1 produced by the Cytomegalovirus inhibits cell mediated functions and opsonization.
(a) is responsible for cell mediated functions and opsonizing-promoting IgG antibodies. It fights viral infections and intracellular pathogens. IFN-γ secretion causes class switching in activated B lymphocytes to produce IgG antibodies
(a) is responsible for eosinophil activation, allergic reactions, and production if IgM, IgG, and IgE (humoral response). It fights parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
In terms of the TH1 subpopulation, it is responsible for cell mediated functions. (a) secretion causes class switching in activated B lymphocytes to production of IgG antibodies
_______ of the cell-mediated immunity fights viral infections and intracellular pathogens. (TH__)
(a)
_______ of the humoral immunity fights parasitic infections and allergic reactions. (TH__)
(a)
Lepromatous leprosy is dominated by _____ cytokines and mycobacteria are widespread.
TH2
TH1
The disease ___________________ causes infection of bone and cartilage with nerve damage, blindness, and the destruction of nasal cartilage and bone.
Lepromatous leprosy
Tuberculoid leprosy
The disease ___________________ causes thickening of cutaneous nerves with saucer shaped skin lesions
Lepromatous leprosy
Tuberculoid leprosy
Tuberculoid leprosy is dominated by ______ cytokines and results in granulomas, with the destruction of most of the mycobacteria, so only a few remain in the tissues.
TH2
TH1
Bacterial septic shock develops when endotoxins stimulate macrophages to overproduce _____ and ______, which are the direct cause of septic shock.
IL-1
IL-10
TNF-⍺
TNF-β
IL-2
What is the difference between the development of bacterial septic shock and that of bacterial toxic shock?
Septic shock is due to bacterial cell wall endotoxins
Septic shock is due to secreted bacterial toxins (exotoxins)
Toxic shock is due to secreted bacterial toxins (exotoxins)
Toxic shock is due to bacterial cell wall endotoxins
The reason for severe immunosuppression observed in Chagas disease is because the parasite reduces the expression of the (a) subunit.
What are the conditions for which commercially-produced interferons have been successfully utilized for treatment?
IFN-⍺ is used in the treatment of Hep B and C, hairy cell leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, kaposi’s sarcoma, non-hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, etc
IFN-β is used in the treatment of Hep B and C, hairy cell leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, kaposi’s sarcoma, non-hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, etc
IFN-β is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
IFN-⍺ is used in the treatment of chronic granulomatous disease
IFN-γ is used in the treatment of chronic granulomatous disease
What are the two rules of cell mediated immunity?
It can detect and eliminate cells infected with intracellular pathogens
It can detect and eliminate cells infected with extracellular pathogens
It can recognize and eliminate genetically altered cells such as tumors
It cannot recognize and eliminate genetically altered cells such as tumors
The process necessary to generate cytotoxic T lymphocyte from a naive T cell occurs in three steps. Beginning with the binding of the TCR to the antigenic peptide/MHC class I molecule by CD8; producing IL-2. What occurs next?
The binding of the CD28 receptor with the B7 receptor on the antigen presenting cell thus making an IL-2 receptor
It responds to autocrine IL-2 and paracrine IL-2 from the activated TH cell leading to proliferation and differentiation.
The binding of the CD28 receptor with the B7 receptor on the antigen presenting cell thus making an CD-3 receptor
It responds to autocrine IL-2 and paracrine IL-6 from the activated TH cell leading to proliferation and differentiation.
The process necessary to generate cytotoxic T lymphocyte from a naive T cell occurs in three steps. After the binding of the CD28 receptor with the B7 receptor on the antigen presenting cell thus making an IL-2 receptor; What occurs next?
the binding of the TCR to the antigenic peptide/MHC class I molecule by CD8; producing IL-2
It responds to autocrine IL-2 and paracrine IL-2 from the activated TH cell leading to proliferation and differentiation.
the binding of the TCR to the antigenic peptide/MHC class I molecule by CD8; producing IL-10
It responds to autocrine IL-2 and paracrine IL-6 from the activated TH cell leading to proliferation and differentiation.
The process necessary to generate cytotoxic T lymphocyte from a naive T cell occurs in three steps. After it responds to autocrine IL-2 and paracrine IL-2 from the activated TH cell leading to proliferation and differentiation; What occurs next?
the binding of the TCR to the antigenic peptide/MHC class I molecule by CD8; producing IL-2
It responds to autocrine IL-7 and paracrine IL-10 from the activated TH cell and becomes an official cytotoxic T cell
the binding of the TCR to the antigenic peptide/MHC class I molecule by CD8; producing IL-10
Nothing. After this it is officially a cytotoxic T cell
The stages of cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) killing a target cells include
Step 1: conjugate formation via TC cell binding to cell adhesion molecules on the target cell surface
Step 1: membrane attack by a release of granule contents [perforin] into the intracellular space
Step 2: Membrane attack by a release of granule contents [perforin] into the intracellular space
Step 3: TC cell dissociation as destructive pores form in target cell membrane
Step 4: Target cell destruction via apoptosis within a few hours, TC cell goes on to bind other infected cells
_________ are lymphoid cells that do not develop in the thymus. They kill cells that have reduced numbers of class I MHC molecules on their surface.
NK (Natural Killer) cells
Cytotoxic T cells
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Natural killer cell activity is stimulated by ___________________ and they replicate with peak levels of cells 3 days later.
IFN-α
IFN-12
IFN-β
IL-2
IL-10
True/False. If false, correct the statement
Natural killer cells do not express T cell receptors or CD3 receptors
True
False; NK cells DO express TCR and CD3
False: NK cells express TCR but CD8
False: NK cells express CD3 but not a TCR
True/False. Correct the statement if false
Cytotoxic granules are sometimes present and levels of cytokines rise in the early stage of infection. Recognition of target cells are MHC restricted.
True
False; the granules are always present and recognition is not MHC restricted
False; the cytokine levels fall, and the granules are never present unless there is an infection
False; Recognition of target cells is not MHC restricted.
True/False. Correct the statement if false
NK cell response generates no immunologic memory
True
False; it generates an immunologic memory
False; B cell response generates no immunologic memory
Which of the following statements are characteristics of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes?
kills cells that have a normal amount of class I MHC molecules on their surface but express specific viral antigens
Recognition of target cells is not MHC restricted
IFN-β (IL-6) and IFN-γ increase in the expression of MHC molecules on infected cells so that activated CTLs may recognize/kill cells displaying them
Cytotoxic granules are always present and levels of cytokines rise in the early stage of infection
Activity is stimulated by IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-12 and they replicate with peak levels of cells 3 days later
___________ is when a target cell is coated with a specific antibody and these cells bind to the Fc portion of the antibodies and cause lysis of the antibody-coated cell.
Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
Antibody-independent cell mediated cytotoxicity
Antibody-dependent humoral cytotoxicity
Antibody-independent humoral cytotoxicity
(a) occurs when a bone marrow transplant from one person to an immunocompromised individual causes diarrhea, skin lesions, jaundice, splenomegaly, and eventually death. The cause is when the donor’s allogeneic lymphocytes attack the recipient’s tissues because it doesn't recognize the MHC molecules on their cells.
Generation of a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction occurs in a series of steps. Beginning with the antigen presenting cell (APC) presenting antigen to the MHC II complex on a TH cell, what comes next?
Activation of TH cells due to subsequent exposure to the same antigen
localized influxes of monocytes/macrophages and activation of macrophages due to the secretion of cytokines
Rapid clearance or destructive granuloma formation
Generation of a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction occurs in a series of steps. After the activation of TH cells due to subsequent exposure to the same antigen, what occurs?
Antigen presenting cell presents antigen to the MHC II complex on a TH cell
localized influxes of monocytes/macrophages and activation of macrophages due to the secretion of cytokines
Rapid clearance or destructive granuloma formation
Generation of a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction occurs in a series of steps. After the localized influxes of monocytes/macrophages and activation of macrophages due to the secretion of cytokines, what occurs?
Antigen presenting cell presents antigen to the MHC II complex on a TH cell
activation of TH cells due to subsequent exposure to the same antigen
Rapid clearance or destructive granuloma formation
A (a) is a Tumor-like nodular mass formed because of a chronic inflammatory response. This mass include multinucleated giant cells formed by fusion of infected macrophages, activated macrophages and T cells.
A granuloma is a tumor-like nodular mass formed because of a chronic inflammatory response. It is formed by the fusion of ______, _____, and _________.
infected macrophages
infected Monocytes
activated macrophages
T cells
B cells
Which of the following pathogens can cause a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
herpes simplex virus
Aspergillus fumigatus
candida albicans
pneumocystis carinii
What contact antigens can cause a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
hair dyes
poison ivy/oak
nickel salts
picrylchloride
baking soda
What factors characterize inflammation?
(a)
What is the recirculation pattern of lymphocytes throughout the body?
They circulate continuously
They circulate every 4-6 hours and return to the thymus
They circulate once per week and return to the spleen
They circulate ever 12 hours and return to the thymus
Lymphocytes circulate throughout the body continually, what advantage does that give the host?
It allows the maximal change for a lymphocyte of a particular specificity to meet up with its corresponding antigen if present
It allows the lymphocytes to meet with the corresponding antigen the second time to quickly activate the immune response
There is no advantage
It allows the maximal change for a lymphocyte of a particular specificity to meet up with its corresponding MHC molecule if present
Which of the following cytokines cause proliferation?
IL-2, IL-4, IL-5
IL-2, IL-5, IL-6
IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TGF-β, and IFN-γ
IL-2, IL-4, IL-7
IL-13, TGF-β, and IFN-γ
Which of the following cytokines cause differentiation?
IL-2, IL-4, IL-5
IL-2, IL-5, IL-6
IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TGF-β, and IFN-γ
IL-2, IL-4, IL5
IL-13, TGF-β, and IFN-γ
______ acute inflammation response occurs when there is edema, erythema, heat, pain, loss of function, and vasodilation of the blood vessels.
Localized
Systemic
__________ acute inflammation response consists of fever, hormone synthesis, cytokine production, and the production of acute phase proteins in the liver.
Localized
Systemic
What are the qualities of a chronic inflammatory response?
accumulation of the antigen or an autoimmune disease
Accumulation and activation of macrophages leading to granuloma formation
fibrosis
fever and hormone synthesis
cytokine production
What are three anti-inflammatory drugs classes used to treat chronic inflammatory disorders
Corticosteroids
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Narcotics
What are three anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat chronic inflammatory disorders?
Prednisone
Aspirin/Motrin
Methotrexate
OxyCONTIN
A B lymphocyte is instructed to class switch producing first IgM, then IgG, IgE, and IgA. IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 cause the cells to proliferate. What cytokine(s) is/are responsible for production of IgM?
Exposure to IL-2, IL-4, IL-5
Exposure to IL-4 alone
Exposure to TGF-β (transforming growth factor) alone
Exposure to IFN-γ alone
Exposure to IL-5 alone
A B lymphocyte is instructed to class switch producing first IgM, then IgG, IgE, and IgA. IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 cause the cells to proliferate. What cytokine(s) is/are responsible for production of IgE or IgG1?
Exposure to IL-2, IL-4, IL-5
Exposure to IL-4 alone
Exposure to TGF-β (transforming growth factor) alone
Exposure to IFN-γ alone
Exposure to IL-5 alone
A B lymphocyte is instructed to class switch producing first IgM, then IgG, IgE, and IgA. IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 cause the cells to proliferate. What cytokine(s) is/are responsible for production of IgG1 alone as production of IgE will be blocked?
Exposure to IL-2, IL-4, IL-5
Exposure to IL-4 alone
Exposure to TGF-β (transforming growth factor) alone
Exposure to IFN-γ with IL-4
Exposure to IL-5 alone
A B lymphocyte is instructed to class switch producing first IgM, then IgG, IgE, and IgA. IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 cause the cells to proliferate. What cytokine(s) is/are responsible for production of IgA or IgG2b?
Exposure to IL-2, IL-4, IL-5
Exposure to IL-4 alone
Exposure to TGF-β (transforming growth factor) alone
Exposure to IFN-γ
Exposure to IL-5 alone
A B lymphocyte is instructed to class switch producing first IgM, then IgG, IgE, and IgA. IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 cause the cells to proliferate. What cytokine(s) is/are responsible for production of IgG2A or IgG3?
Exposure to IL-2, IL-4, IL-5
Exposure to IL-4 alone
Exposure to TGF-β (transforming growth factor) alone
Exposure to IFN-γ alone
Exposure to IL-5 alone
A B lymphocyte is instructed to class switch producing first IgM, then IgG, IgE, and IgA. IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 cause the cells to proliferate. What cytokine(s) is/are responsible for production of IgA?
Exposure to IL-2, IL-4, IL-5
Exposure to IL-4 alone
Exposure to TGF-β (transforming growth factor) alone
Exposure to IFN-γ alone
Exposure to IL-5 alone
______ is defined as the presence of microbes for a short period of time where no injury/infection occurs.
Contamination
Colonization
Infection
__________ is defined as the presence of microbes for weeks to years with no injury or infection occurring.
Contamination
Colonization
Infection
__________ is defined as the presence of microbes with injury to the tissue/tissue invasion.
Contamination
Colonization
Infection
Which of the following ways does the innate immune system protects the host from infection?
Intact skin, sebum, mucus, ciliated mucosal epithelial cells prevent attachment of the microorganism
mucus suffocates pathogens while the cilia whisks them out of the body
Lysozyme, proteases, complement, and phagocytosis kills the pathogen
Toll-like receptors (TLR) binds to bacterial PAMPs to induce maturation of phagocytes and increase cytokine production
Natural killer cells combat intracellular infections
The specific antigenic compound of Group A streptococci that allows it to be lancefield serogroup is (a) .
The following statement is a characteristic of ___________: Cross reactivity of antibodies to streptococcal antigens with myosin in human heart muscle results in damage to the heart
Antistreptolysin O
Rheumatic fever
(a) of patients with acute rheumatic fever will have elevated ASO (antistreptolysin O) titers.
A certain percentage of patients with acute rheumatic fever will have elevated ASO (antistreptolysin O) titers. The remaining (a) of acute rheumatic fever patients will have elevated levels of Anti-DNAase B.
The following statement is a a method of diagnosing ___________: Collect an acute and convalescent serum samples three weeks apart. You must look for a 4-fold increase in the antibody levels. The samples should be run at the same time in the same assay.
Antistreptolysin O (ASO)
Rheumatic fever
True/False. Correct the statement if false
The incidence of rheumatic fever is directly proportional to the strength of the antibody response to Streptolysin O
True
False; the strength of the antibody response has no effect on the development of rheumatoid fever
Which of the following are pathogenic factors utilized by S. pneumoniae to cause disease?
Surface protein adhesion is responsible for the initial attachment to epithelial cells
Pneumolysin bind cholesterol in host cell membrane to produce pores that result in lysis of ciliated epithelial cells
Slimy capsule is responsible for the initial attachment to epithelial cells and makes the organism more difficult to phagocytize
Secretory IgA proteases cleaves sIgA and prevents bacterial binding by IgA
What are the three characteristics of mycoplasma?
Smallest free-living bacteria
cell membrane contains sterols
Has a peptidoglycan cell wall
Largest free-living bacteria
Antigenic determinants are membrane glycolipids and proteins
There is a correlation between the appearance of cold agglutinins and infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae. Cold agglutinin titer of at least (a) or a significant increase in titer is considered presumptive evidence of infection.
True/False
Formation of cold agglutinins is frequently observed during mycoplasma infections.
False
True
Which of the following fungi are primarily detected using a fungal antigen?
Aspergillosis
Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Which of the following fungi are primarily detected using a fungal antibody?
Candidiasis
Aspergillosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Which of the following fungi are primarily detected using a fungal antibody?
Candidiasis
Aspergillosis
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Cryptococcosis
Sporothrix schenckii
The body produces resistance against the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus with the antigen _______________.
galactomannan exoantigen
mannan
H&M glycoprotein
Coccidiodin
The body produces resistance against the fungal pathogen Candida albicans with the antigen _______________.
galactomannan exoantigen
mannan
H&M glycoprotein
Coccidiodin
The body produces resistance against the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum with the antigen _______________.
galactomannan exoantigen
mannan
H&M glycoprotein
Coccidiodin
The body produces resistance against the fungal pathogen Coccidioides immitis with the antigen _______________.
galactomannan exoantigen
mannan
H&M glycoprotein
Coccidiodin
The protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi causes _______________.
chagas disease
african sleeping sickness
malaria
baesia
toxoplasmosis
The protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma brucei causes _______________.
chagas disease
african sleeping sickness
malaria
baesia
toxoplasmosis
The protozoan pathogen Plasmodium falciparum causes _______________.
chagas disease
african sleeping sickness
malaria
baesia
toxoplasmosis
The protozoan pathogen Babesia microti causes _______________.
chagas disease
african sleeping sickness
malaria
baesia
amebiasis
The protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii causes _______________.
toxoplasmosis
african sleeping sickness
malaria
baesia
amebiasis
The protozoan pathogen Entamoeba histolytica causes _______________.
toxoplasmosis
african sleeping sickness
malaria
baesia
amebiasis
Which of the following reasons are why it is difficult for the humoral immune system to fight parasitic infections effectively?
Rotation of cell surface antigens
They acquire host antigens to display on the cell surface of the parasite in an attempt to “blend in”
Most stages in the life cycle display different antigens
Some organisms shed cell surface antigens into surroundings
Many stages mature within cells not exposed to lymphocytes
Why is the parasite Toxoplasma a concern to women of childbearing age?
In the first trimester it can cause death of the fetus
In the 2nd trimester it can cause death of the fetus
In the 2nd trimester it can cause hydrocephalus, blindness, and other CNS damage
In the first trimester it can cause blindness and mild CNS damage
In the 3rd trimester it can cause blindness and mild CNS damage
Natural killer cells and/or cytotoxic T lymphocytes combat ___________ bacteria.
Intracellular
Extracellular
______________ bacteria are primarily killed by direct bacterial lysis due to complement or opsonization by either antibody or C3b, followed by destruction by phagocytes.
Intracellular
Extracellular
True/False
Most fungi are not susceptible to killing with antibody and complement
True
False
Cellular immunity is thought to be the ______ defense against fungal disease & involves neutrophils, macrophages, T lymphocytes & possible NK cells.
primary
secondary
tertiary
In candida, coccidioides, and histoplasma, it has been found that production of ___1___, the secretion of __2___ and the administration of antibodies to ____3____ effectively suppress the humoral immune system. It allows the cell mediated arm to work effectively and significantly improve the disease prognosis.
(1) IFN-γ
(1) IFN-α
(2) IL-12
(2) or (3) IL-10
(3) IL-4
