The steel provided in the beam is such that steel reach the limiting values of strain prior to concrete. This results in yielding of the steel and the steel could yield till it attains the ultimate strain at which point it breaks.

The steel provided in the beam is such that concrete reach the limiting values of strain prior to steel. This results in breaking in concrete and since now there is no concrete present to take the compression, the beam fails suddenly.

The additional margin that we get under this section helps in prevention of a sudden failure and provide the necessary warning to the inhabitants of the building.

One in which the main reinforcement is provided only in the tension zone

Here, the ultimate bending moment is less than the limiting bending moment.

Occasionally, beams are restricted by space or aesthetic requirements to such extent the compression concrete should be reinforced with steel to carry compression.

Reinforced concrete floor usually consist of slabs and beams, which are placed or monolithic poured. In this effect, the beam will have an extra width at the top (that is under compression) called flanges.

A reinforcement used to resist shear and diagonal tension stresses in a concrete structural member

Very dangerous especially if it happens before flexure failure because they can occur without warning

Minimum cross section of column

Column minimum gross area

The reinforcement provided in columns where primary mode of load transfer is through bending and shear

Lateral ties for longitudinal bars with 32 mm or smaller

Lateral ties for longitudinal bars with 36 mm or larger and for bundles longitudinal bars

The spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed

The spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed

The spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed

Minimum spacing of spirals

Maximum spacing of spirals

A form of concrete that is prepared, cast, and cured off-site, usually in a controlled factory environment, using reusable molds.

Was brought about by building cost that has increased considerably faster than most industrial materials and affected by amount of on-site labor involved in traditional methods of construction

A structural material that allows for predetermined, engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur when they are subject to loading

It combines the high strength compressive properties of concrete with the high tensile strength of steel.

Method of prestressing for reinforcing concrete where once the concrete has gained strength but before the service loads are applied, the cables are pulled tight, or tensioned, and anchored against the outer edges of the concrete

The tendons were given tension prior to the concrete being cast.

A category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety of shapes

Property of steel where this makes it possible to reduce a building's dead load and to minimize the space taken up by structural elements

Property of steel where it shows its ability to resist brittle fracture. The ability to resist brittle fracture are dependent on a number of factors that should be considered at the specification stage.

Property of steel where it is the measure of the degree to which the steel can strain or elongate between the onset of yield and eventual fracture under tensile loading

Property of steel where it involves locally melting the steel, which subsequently cools

The most common means of providing corrosion protection to construction steel

Used for both beams and columns. They are called _______ because the width of the flange is greater than that of standard I beams.

Made by cutting either a wide flange section or I beam in half

Often used for chords of steel trusses

Are available either equal or unequal legs. They are designated by the letter L followed by the lengths of the angles and then followed by the thickness of the legs.

These are used in pairs for members for steel trusses or singly as lintels in a variety of applications.

A hot rolled, mild steel structural C shape with inside radius corners that is ideal for all structural applications, general fabrication, manufacturing and repairs

The second most used metal in buildings after steel

Fabricated normally from plates / strips / sheets

Produced in reduction rolling mill by reshaping the input under heavy pressure in designed shape of application

Generally shaped by welding of plate pieces as per designed geometry