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WorksheetsExam 2 review
Total questions: 50
Worksheet time: 38mins
Where does actual gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Blood vessels
Alveoli
Bronchus
Bronchioles
T/F. expiration is usually a passive process.
True
False
T/F. total lung capacity is the total amount of air one can breath in and out.
True
False
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
Bound to hemoglobin and/or dissolved in blood plasma
Bound to hemoglobin
Dissolved in blood plasma
Bound to transport proteins
Why is doing a warm-up beneficial to exercise?
Increased acidity and temperature favors oxygen unloading
It warms up the muscles and prepares the body to take on the load of a full workout
mentally prepares you to start a full length workout
all of the above (especially A)
What transfers most of CO2 in the blood and lungs?
oxyhemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin
Bicarbonate
What are two factors you can change during exercise relating to pulmonary ventilation?
Rate and depth
Rate only
Depth only
Rate of gas exchange to tissues and hemoglobin saturation
What part of the heart is the natural pacemaker?
SA Node
Purkinje fibers
Vagus Nerve
Left Ventricle
The PNS acts through the
(a) nerve to decrease heart rate and force of cardiac
contraction.
What is the term for the cardiac arrhythmia characterized by skipped or extra beats from impulses originating outside the SA node?
Fibrillations
Premature ventricular contractions (PVC's)
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
What is the average resting heart rate range for adults?
60-85 bpm
40-65 bpm
100-120 bpm
85-95 bpm
What is the equation for cardiac output?
EF= SV/EDV x 100
HR = age - 220
Q = SV x HR
SV = EDV - ESV
What does a-vO₂ diff mean?
It is the difference of O2 content in tissues and arteries
It is the total amount of O2 in the blood
It is the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood
It is the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood, it indicates how much oxygen is removed from the blood in capillaries as blood circulates the body.
What structure has the ability to change its diameter to control blood flow? What are the terms used when this structure is more open and more closed off
Venules; vasoconstriction/vasodilation
Arterioles; vasoconstriction/vasodilation
Arteries; vasoconstriction/vasodilation
Capillaries; vasoconstriction/vasodilation
What phase does the heart spend most of its time in at rest?
Diastole
Systole
What factor has the biggest effect on blood flow?
Viscosity
Diameter
Length of vessel
T/F: Average cardiac output is about 5 liters of blood.
True
False
How does the sympathetic NS use extrinsic control of blood flow?
SNS innervates smooth muscle and causes it to dilate. At local level, organs/tissues will override this and constrict to adjust accordingly
SNS innervates smooth muscle and causes it to constrict. At local level, organs/tissues will override this and dilate to adjust accordingly
PNS innervates smooth muscle and tells them to constrict. At local level, organs/tissues will override this and dilate to adjust accordingly.)
What 3 mechanisms assist venous return?
one-way valves in veins, muscle pump, and respiratory pump
two-way valves in veins, muscle pump, and respiratory pump
there are only two mechanisms - one-way valves in veins and muscle pump
there are only two mechanisms - one-way valves in veins and the respiratory pump
What is the Fick equation?
VCO2 = Q x (a-v)O2diff
VO2 = Q x (a-v)O2diff
VO2 = HR x SV x (a-v)O2diff
VCO2 = HR x SV x (a-v)O2diff
How much does HR decrease every year?
~ 2 BPM / year
~ 3 BPM / year
~ 1 BPM / year
~ 1/2 BPM / year
What is it called when HR remains constant and the CV system meets the demands of the exercise?
Steady-state HR
Cardiovascular drift
Basal metabolic rate
Max HR
T/F. Exercise training increases steady-state HR for a given submaximal workload.
True
False
What are the four factors that determine stroke volume?
pre-load, ventricular distensibility, ventricular contractility, aortic or pulmonary artery pressure
pre-load, ventricular distensibility, ventricular contractility, superior or inferior vena cava pressure
pre-load, atrium distensibility, ventricular contractility, aortic or pulmonary artery pressure
pre-load, ventricular distensibility, atrium contractility, aortic or pulmonary artery pressure
What happens to BF as it moves away from the left ventricle?
BF does not change as it moves away from the left ventricle
BF increases due to change of pressure
BF decreases due to change of pressure
A decrease in autogenic inhibition is due to what? what structure controls autogenic inhibition?
Increased neural adaptions; GTO's
Increased neural adaptions; muscle spindles
Increased neural adaptions; muscle belly
Define transient hypertrophy and what is chronic hypertrophy.
Transient hypertrophy is an increase of muscle following exercise and lasts a few days. Chronic hypertrophy is an increase of muscle size after long term effects of exercising/ resistance training
Chronic hypertrophy is an increase of size due to muscle swelling following exercise due to fluid accumulation. Transient hypertrophy is an increase of muscle size after long term effects of exercising/ resistance training
Transient hypertrophy is an increase of size due to muscle swelling following exercise because of fluid accumulation. Chronic hypertrophy is an increase of muscle size after long term effects of exercising/ resistance training.
Fiber hypertrophy causes a net increase in what? what does it mean?
Muscle protein synthesis. It means increasing numbers of actin and myosin filaments and increasing the number of myofibrils
Alpha motor neurons. It means increasing numbers of motor units therefore resulting in more strength
Muscle protein synthesis. It means increasing numbers of muscle fibers (hyperplasia)
Early strength gains are due to what adaption?
Neural adaptions
Increased muscle fibers
More efficient energy systems
Beginners luck
What is muscle mass highly associated with?
Body fat
Bone mineral density
Height
BMI
What are some affects of cessation of training?
Decreases in strength, significant loss of CSA (cross sectional area), type I fibers decrease significantly
Decrease in strength, little CSA loss, type II fibers are more affected than type I
Initiates muscle atrophy, affects both type I and II fibers significantly, decreased rate of protein synthesis
There are no changes with cessation of exercise
In what ways does increased neural control affect strength?
Recruitment of motor units, Increased frequency of discharge from the alpha motor neuron, Decrease in autogenic inhibition, Reduction in the coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles, Morphological changes in the neuromuscular junction
Increased frequency of discharge from the alpha motor neuron, Decrease in autogenic inhibition, Reduction in the coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles
Recruitment of motor units, Decrease in autogenic inhibition, Reduction in the coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles, Morphological changes in the neuromuscular junction
None of the above
What is the most important factor that leads to a loss of strength when muscle soreness is present?
Failure of the excitation- contraction coupling process
Inability of energy systems to keep up with the demands of the exercise
Lack of motor units
Lactic acid build-up
T/F. Muscle glycogen stops/ significantly slows down following DOMS which leads to a decrease in strength and performance
True
False
What does increased central and peripheral blood flow mean for adaptations for aerobic exercise?
Peripheral blood vessels are able to clear CO2 more efficiently; increased vascularity
Peripheral blood vessels are able to extract oxygen more efficiently; increased vascularity
peripheral blood vessels are able to extract oxygen more efficiently
T/F. There is a decrease in tolerance for acid-base imbalances during high intensity exercise.
True
False
What term describes a single muscle or muscle groups ability to withstand repetitive motions either being dynamic or static?
Muscle endurance
Muscle strength
Aerobic capacity
Anaerobic capacity
What term describes the entire body’s ability to withstand prolonged dynamic exercise using large muscle groups?
Muscle endurance
Cardiorespiratory endurance
Anaerobic endurance
VO2 max
What is athletes’ heart?
Increase in internal dimension of heart and increased HR
Decrease in internal dimension of heart and decreased HR
Increase in internal dimension of heart and decreased HR
T/F. RBC and plasma volume increases with endurance training
True
False
T/F. Higher vo2max has a lower Q but higher RBC count
True
False
What's the best indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness?
VO2max
HR
Lactate Threshold
What type of person are you dealing with when you see that they have a maximal oxygen uptake value of 45 ml*kg*min?
Athletic males
College females
College males
professional female athletes
How do the glycolytic and ATP-Pcr energy systems respond to anaerobic training?
Increased enzyme activity in both
Decreased enzyme activity in both
Increased length of time for using system (e.g. >15 seconds and >1-2 minutes)
Increased length of time for using system (e.g. >15 seconds and >1-2 minutes); increased enzyme activity
T/F when testing an athletes aerobic or anaerobic activity, you should match the test to their sport.
True
False
What are some metabolic adaptions to training?
increased lactate threshold – decreased production or/and increased clearance, reduced reliance on glycolytic systems; more blood flow, increase in heart size
increased lactate threshold – decreased production or/and increased clearance, reduced reliance on glycolytic systems; RER decreases due to increased utilization of FFA but increases during max; O2 consumption is unchanged at submax, but max would be higher
Reduced reliance on glycolytic systems; RER decreases due to increased utilization of FFA but increases during max; O2 consumption is unchanged at submax, but max would be higher; greater SV and Q, less peripheral resistance to blood flow
What are examples of cardiorespiratory endurance?
Swimming, running, cycling
low intensity walking or light jogging
Weightlifting, power lifting
In what ways is blood flow increased (the adaptations) during endurance training?
Greater recruitment of existing capillaries in trained muscles, increased capillarization of trained muscles, increased blood volume
Recruitment of existing capillaries in trained muscles, increased capillarization of trained muscles, more effective blood flow redistribution from inactive regions, decreased blood volume
Greater recruitment of existing capillaries in trained muscles, increased capillarization of trained muscles, more effective blood flow redistribution from inactive regions, increased blood volume
Why does plasma volume increase with endurance training?
increases in plasma proteins and ADH
increases in plasma proteins, ADH, and aldosterone
increases in ADH and aldosterone
decreases in plasma proteins and increases in ADH and aldosterone
Leveling off of vo2max is due more to limitations of the circulatory system than the muscles oxidative capacity
True
False
