The theory that parts of a whole are in intimate interconnection, such that they cannot exist independently of the whole, or cannot be understood without reference to the whole, which is thus regarded as greater than the sum of its parts.

It talks about the moral worth of an individual

The belief that whole can be understood completely if you understand its part and the nature of their sum

The theory that the mind may apprehend some truths directly, without requiring the medium of the senses.

The theory that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience.

The term __________has a dual etymology, stemming both from the Greek word for "experience" and from the more specific classical Greek and Roman usage of "empiric", referring to a physician whose skill derives from practical experience as opposed to instruction in theory

The Scottish philosopher __________________________ brought to the Empiricist viewpoint an extreme Skepticism. He argued that all of human knowledge can be divided into two categories: relations of ideas (e.g. propositions involving some contingent observation of the world, such as "the sun rises in the East") and matters of fact

He is a French sociologist and philosopher who developed the doctrine of positivism in the mid 19th century

Rationalism is opposed by British Empiricist and Philosopher ___________________

Is the claim that certain primary moral ideas are innate in humankind and that such first moral principles are self-evident to the rational faculty

•Is the claim that the fundamental principles of religion are innate or self-evident and that revelation is not necessary

•A member of the rationalist school of philosophy

who pursued knowledge through deductive reasoning rather than induction from sensory experience. He applied the theoretical method of mathematics to other realms of inquiry

A belief that God is everything

The 17th-century thinker who made contributions to a variety of subjects, including theology, history, and physics, He is best remembered as a mathematician and philosopher According to him, the world is composed of monads—tiny units, each of which mirrors and perceives the other monads in the universe

The 17th century French scientist and mathematician, He was also one of the most influential thinkers in Western philosophy He stressed the importance of skepticism in thought and proposed the idea that existence had a dual nature: one physical, the other mental and was Known for his

principle “Cogito ergo sum”, “I think, therefore I exist

Founder of the Academy in Athens

where Aristotle studied

He is widely believed to have been a student of Socrates

These pure ideas are

know as “a priori” that are present in al human existence

These innate ideas are the prerequisite for learning additional facts

A Philosophy that states The fundamental capacity of human reason is to comprehend the true nature of reality

_____________ is a school of philosophy that developed out of Positivism, and attempted to combine Empiricism (the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world) with a version of Rationalism (the idea that our knowledge includes a component that is not derived from observation)

_____________ is the view, developed from Auguste Comte's philosophical Positivism (see above), that the social sciences (as all other sciences) should observe strict empirical methods. Today, although many sociologists would agree that a scientific method is an important part of sociology, orthodox positivism is rare

_____________is a school of thought in Philosophy of Law which holds that laws are rules made (whether deliberately or unintentionally) by human beings, and that there is no inherent or necessary connection between the validity conditions of law and Ethics or morality. It stands in opposition to the concept of natural law (that there is an essential connection between law and justice or morality

_____________was a political movement in the late 19th Century, drawing its name and much of its ideology from Comte's philosophy (as well as from the works of British scholars and scientists). It advocated the exercise of reason before emotion, and argued that Polish independence from Russia, Germany and Austro-Hungary must be regained gradually from the ground up.

Identify what doctrine is discussed :

The individual human mind starts out at the “blank sheet "We acquire our knowledge from our sensory experience of the world and our interaction with it.

◦It is associated with it historically but it is not essential. In the seventeenth and eighteenth century empiricist tend to accept some version of the association of the ideas of their theory of how the mind works and how learning takes place

◦This governed their view of how individuals acquire their own knowledge that is from experience and not from inheritance of innate ideas or instinct.

◦In the terminology of Karl Popper this is the distinction between the context of discovery and the context of jurisdiction

Identify what doctrine is discussed :

◦Any genuine knowledge claim is testable by experience (observation or experiment )

This doctrine of empiricism is at the core of philosophical approach. The basic point the empiricist are making is that if you want us to accept any claim that is true you should be able to state what evidence for it is

If you can go claiming it is true whatever evidence turns up then you are not making factual statement at all

If a manufacturer of a food additive claims that it is safe for human consumption but cannot give evidence that any one has yet consumed it , we could expect that the official of body concerned with food safety standard would refuse to accept their assurances.

Identify what doctrine is discussed :

Scientific laws and statement about general recurring pattern of experience

This doctrine of empiricism is its account of the nature and scientific law . It is acknowledge that a very large part of achievement of modern science is its accumulation of general statements about regulatories in nature. These are termed scientific laws or laws of nature

Empiricist are committed to accepting as scientific only those statement which are testable by observation and experiment