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1st 9 WKS US History Practice

Total questions: 117

Worksheet time: 2hrs 24mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

The Bill of Rights was added to the U.S. Constitution primarly to-

a)

provide the President with power in times of emergency

b)

establish fair and impartal elections

c)

protect individual liberties

d)

guarantee voting privileges to minorities

2.

In the United States, illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in a court of law against someone. This rule is based on an individual's constitutional right to -

a)

face accusers in open court

b)

be protected from double jeopardy

c)

a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury

d)

protection against unreasonable searches and seizures

3.

Which principle was adoped in the U.S. Constitution to ensure that no one branch of the federal government became too powerful?

a)

republican government

b)

popular sovereignty

c)

judicial review

d)

checks and balances

4.

The "due process" clause in the Fifth Amendment and the right to an attorney in the Sixth Amendment wer both designed to -

a)

protect freedom of expression

b)

assure that laws are properly enacted

c)

ensure fair treatment for those accused of crimes

d)

provide for judicial revew of laws

5.

Why did Alexis de Tocqueville believe that American society was egalitarian?

a)

All Americans had the same wealth

b)

Americans lacked a hereditary social class of nobles

c)

Americans had just abolished sloavery just before his visit

d)

The Declaration of Independence announced that all men were created equal

6.
Which guarantees freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion to individuals in the United States? 
a)
The Treaty of Paris 1783
b)
The Articles of Confederation 
c)
The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 
d)
The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 
7.
Which has been an important limitation on the power of eminent domain found in the Fifth Amendment? 
a)
The reciting of prayers in public schools has been prohibited. 
b)
There must be a "clear and present danger" before it can be exercised
c)
Individuals accused of committing crimes are protected from abusive behavior by the police. 
d)
Governments must provide "reasonable compensation" when taking a person's property
8.
"As one digs deeper into the national character of the Americans, one sees that they have sought the value of everything in this world only in the answer to this single question: how much money will it bring in?"
Which individual expressed the views stated in this passage? 
a)
Benjamin Rush 
b)
John Witherspoon
c)
Hector St. John de Crevecoeur
d)
Alexis de Tocqueville 
9.
Which statement describes a limitation on government action established by the Bill of Rights? 
a)
Congress controls interstate commerce. 
b)
The President shares control over foreign policy with Congress
c)
The Supreme Court can declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.
d)
Government officials cannot enter a home without the owner's permission or a valid search warrant.
10.
Why did the members of the Constitutional Convention place a provision in the U.S. Constitution that allowed it to be amended? 
a)
Most of the members of the Convention opposed slavery
b)
They feared the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court
c)
They wanted to enable the Constitution to adjust to changing times 
d)
They needed support in state legislatures for ratification 
11.
Which branch of government established in the original U.S. Constitution was designed to be elected directly by citizens? 
a)
President
b)
Supreme Court
c)
House of Representatives
d)
The President's Cabinet 
12.
Which pair of amendments proved most helpful to the development of the Civil Rights Movement? 
a)
2nd and 3rd Amendments
b)
7th and 8th Amendments
c)
9th and 10th Amendments
d)
14th and 15th Amendments
13.

What are our natural rights according to Jefferson? (He got the idea from John Locke, but he changed the last right.)

a)

Freedom of speech, religion, and press

b)

Life, liberty, and property

c)

Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

d)

Voting, rebelling, and health

14.

According to the Declaration of Independence, where does government get its power?

a)

From the King

b)

From the Supreme Court

c)

From God

d)

From the people

15.

written by Constitutional Convention; established basic structure of national government; power rested with the people; people can elect their own representatives.

a)

Bill of Rights

b)

Articles of Confederation

c)

Declaration of Independence

d)

US Constitution

16.

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals ; Americans believe they can flourish and be successful within society.

a)

Individualism

b)

Laissez-Faire

c)

E Pluribus Unum

d)

Egalitarianism

17.

Latin term meaning out of many comes 1; several states joined together to form one.

a)

E Pluribus Unum

b)

Laissez-Faire

c)

Declaration of Independence

d)

Individualusm

18.

A Hands-Off approach to the economy

a)

Laissez-Faire

b)

Bill of RIghts

c)

Declaration of Indpendence

d)

Egalitarianism

19.

'Laissez-faire' capitalism promotes the idea that

a)

the government is allowed to take priavte property for public use

b)

businesses have the same legal rights as a person

c)

government should not interfere with the free market

d)

the economy should be controlled by the community

20.

An organized group of workers created to protect and further the interests of workers

a)

'scabs'

b)

lobbyists

c)

overseers

d)

labor unions

21.

Increased coal mining, increased peteroleum refining, the Bessemer process, and the invention of the lightbulb all have what in common?

a)

They are the results of Manifest Destiny

b)

They are factors contributing to the rise of industrialization

c)

They are the results of Dollar Diplomacy

d)

None of the above

22.

One effect of monopolies on the US economy is that they

a)

Keep prices low

b)

Eliminate business competition and raise prices for goods

c)

Lead to a greater variety in prices for goods

d)

Give consumers more choices

23.

In the late 1800s, which factor directly contributed to the growth of the American steel industry?

a)

Government regulation

b)

Employee ownership

c)

new production techniques like the Bessemer Process

d)

the formation of labor unions

24.
individuals are free to produce and sell whatever products they wish
a)
Free Enterprise System
b)
Social Darwinism
c)
Gospel of Wealth
d)
National Market
25.

What innovation helped people settle the Great Plains and opened new markets in the west?

a)

Cars

b)

Transcontinental Railroad

c)

AC

d)

Industrialization

26.

a belief that the rich are wealthy because they are strong and the poor are weak

a)

Social Darwinism

b)

Gospel of Wealth

c)

laissez faire

d)

monopoly

27.

When a company controls everything from raw materials to the distribution of the product

a)

horizontal integration

b)

vertical integration

c)

trust

d)

monopoly

28.

the control of an entire or most of an industry by one company

a)

laissez faire

b)

capitalism

c)

monopoly

d)

patent

29.

the control of an entire or most of an industry by one company

a)

laissez faire

b)

capitalism

c)

monopoly

d)

patent

30.

In which industry did Andrew Carnegie earn his fortune?

a)

steel

b)

railroad

c)

gold

d)

oil

31.

When a combination of companies control an industry to reduce competition

a)

monopoly

b)

trust

c)

laissez faire

d)

patent

32.
Men such as Andrew Carnegie believed in giving money to libraries, musuems and schools to help benefit people who wanted to move up in the social ladder. 
a)
geopolitical
b)
political bosses
c)
anthropolgy
d)
philanthropy
33.
This period during the 1870s to 1900 is known for it's rise of railroads, big business, industrialization and social problems in the United States.
a)
World War I
b)
Progressive Era
c)
Gilded age
d)
Roaring Twenties
34.
The Bessemer Process was a more efficient way to make this product, plus it made it stronger.
a)
steel
b)
automobiles
c)
gasoline
d)
cloth
35.
He created the company known as Standard Oil
a)
Andrew Carnegie
b)
Cornelius Vanderbilt
c)
John D. Rockefeller
d)
Thomas Edison
36.

What was an American entrepreneur of the Gilded Age whose contributions benefited the industrialization of the U.S.?

a)

Captain of Industry

b)

Social Darwinist

c)

Socialist

d)

Fundamentalist

37.
The Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act were efforts by the federal government to –
a)
regulate aspects of business
b)
expand the positive features of the trusts
c)
favor big businesses over small companies
d)
move toward government ownership of key industries
38.
Which inventor created lighting and new uses of electricity?
a)
Samuel Morse
b)
Thomas Edison
c)
Cyrus McCormick
d)
Robert Fulton
39.

A person who creates a business, product, idea, or service to make a profit.

a)

Capitalism

b)

Entreprenuer

c)

Philanthropist

d)

Greedy

40.

In the latter half of the 1800s, new technology & innovations, many entrepreneurs, and growth of big business contributed most directly to the

a)

growth of American industry

b)

dependence on imported goods

c)

demand for limits on immigration

d)

rejection of high tariffs by the United States

41.
The leader of the union known as  the American Federation of Labor
a)
Samuel Gompers
b)
Terrence Powderly
c)
John P. Morgan
d)
Henry Bessemer
42.
How did industrialization in the US change the lives of women & children? 
a)
Women & children gained higher social status. 
b)
Women & children became better educated. 
c)
Women & children became wage earners for their families. 
43.
Long hours, low wages, dangerous conditions, child labor and terrible living conditions 
a)
Strike conditions
b)
Worker conditions
c)
Strike Breaker
d)
Scabs conditions
44.

What lead to the rise of big business?

a)

Corporations & Stocks

b)

Governmental Laws

c)

Inventions like the Cotton Gin

d)

Invention of the Automobile

45.

Who invented the telephone?

a)

Elias Howe

b)

Alexander Graham Bell

c)

Cyrus Field

d)

Samuel F. B. Morse

46.

economy based on profit and private property

a)

capitalism

b)

social darwinism

c)

gospel of wealth

d)

gilded age

47.

the idea that industrialists exploited workers, the environment, and corrupted the gov't

a)

captains of industry

b)

robber barons

c)

horizontal merger

d)

trusts

48.

New __________________ like the light bulb made manufacturing processes more efficient.

a)

Innovations

b)

Manufactoring

c)

Ideas

d)

Infrastructure

49.

Most strikes by unions in the late 1800s were unsuccessful mainly because

a)

unions were unconstitutional

b)

strikes had never been used before to settle labor issues

c)

government supported business instead of workers

d)

strikers failed to use militant tactics

50.
The Homestead Strike was a protest 
a)
in Colorado demanding safer working conditions. 
b)
Chicago demanding an eight-hour workday.
c)
against the Pullman Palace Car Company’s unsafe working conditions
d)
against the Carnegie Steel Company’s plan to cut jobs.
51.
a)

Discriminated against migrant workers

b)

Denied voting rights to the poor

c)

Accepted bribes in return for favors

d)

Wasted money on military spending

52.
a)

The urban population began to decline after this new innovation was put in mass production.

b)

Immigrants began to move to rural areas to work on the new innovation.

c)

Less farm jobs were needed thus rural laborers sought work in cities.

d)

This innovation caused the Native Americans to move to the Great Plains to become farmers.

53.
a)

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

b)

The Dawes Act of 1887

c)

The Homestead Act of 1862

d)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

54.
a)

Nationalism

b)

Americanization

c)

Urbanization

d)

Nativism

55.
a)

limit immigration of certain ethnic groups

b)

enrich America’s cultural diversity

c)

treat all Asian and European immigrants equally

d)

relocate Asians displaced by war

56.
a)

Racial segregation

b)

Increasing population

c)

Growth of the West

d)

New trade routes

57.
a)

the resentment shown toward immigrants for taking U.S. jobs

b)

a government effort to implement quotas on immigration

c)

the movement to assimilate immigrants into U.S. culture

d)

the requirement that immigrants become U.S. citizens

58.
a)

the ground was not stable enough to support heavier structures

b)

unpredictable weather conditions required settlers to build shelter rapidly

c)

access to timber was limited by distance and lack of transportation

d)

settlers lacked the skill required to build more-permanent structures

59.
a)

muckraking in the Progressive Era

b)

political machines in urban America

c)

western frontier settlement

d)

immigrant communities in the 1890s

60.

What is the main idea of the passage?

a)

Tenement living had improved through the Gilded Age

b)

Urban poor faced crowded and unhealthy conditions in tenement housing

c)

The total number of immigrants in tenement housing was declining

d)

Politicians were working to improve conditions of tenements

61.

Nativists favored-

a)

Americans over immigrants; America for Americans only!

b)

The assimilation of immigrants into American society

c)

The support of Native Americans

d)

Open borders and allowing ALL immigrants into the United States

62.

In the late 1800s, where did the majority of immigrants come from?

a)

China and Southeast Asia

b)

Canada

c)

Latin America

d)

Southern and Eastern Europe

63.

How did the Homestead Act promote the development of the American West?

a)

creating technology for crop irrigation

b)

providing cheap and free land for settlers

c)

removing restrictions on who could settle in the west

d)

Moving Native Americans to reservations

64.

The Dawes Act-

a)

set up the reservation system

b)

granted citizenship to Native Americans

c)

provided cheap land for American settlers

d)

divided Native American land into individual land holdings

65.

What would be a prime example of Americanization?

a)

The Dawes Act selling Native American lands

b)

The Homestead Act providing lands to settlers

c)

The Chinese Exclusion Act prohibiting Chinese immigration

d)

The children of immigrants learning English in school

66.

The passage of the Dawes Act was an attempt to-

a)

Encourage Americanization of Native Americans by giving up their traditional cultures

b)

Make money from selling Native American lands

c)

Returning land to Native American tribes

d)

Granting citizenship to Native Americans

67.

Political bosses and political machines did which of the following-

a)

allowed the middle class to actively participate in politics

b)

provided welfare for the urban poor in exchange for votes

c)

encouraged racial integration

d)

helped to lead welfare programs like the Hull House and the YMCA

68.

Why did prejudice increase against immigrants in the early 1900s?

a)

They had far superior skills which allowed them to get high paying jobs

b)

They tried to overthrow American Democracy

c)

They formed their own labor unions to get high paying jobs

d)

They came from cultural backgrounds that were different than most Americans

69.

Using the table, what was the most important impact of industrialization in the United States?

a)

People moved from cities to rural areas.

b)

The number of people living in cities continuously increased.

c)

The urban population decreased.

d)

Railroad mileage increased.

70.

What was the main goal of the Americanization Movement?

a)

Limit immigration into the United States

b)

Assimilate immigrants into American culture

c)

Improve living conditions for the urban poor

d)

Encourage urbanization

71.

What was a major impact of the Transcontinental Railroad?

a)

It protected Native American rights and tribal lands

b)

It only impacted a small strip of land in the American West

c)

It led to the destruction of buffalo and the opening of the Great Plains to American settlers

d)

It led to the Klondike Gold Rush

72.

Which of the following contributed the MOST to increased land settlement in the Great Plains?

a)

Federal land grants

b)

The Dawes Act

c)

The Klondike Gold Rush

d)

A decrease in agricultural production

73.

Which statement best completes the diagram?

a)

The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed

b)

Immigration quotas were instituted

c)

Irish families immigrated to the United States

d)

Political machines were instituted in urban areas

74.

Which of the following was an important element in political machines of the late 1800s?

a)

Immigration quotas

b)

Tariffs

c)

The Spoils System

d)

Government regulation

75.

Which factor helped farmers on the Great Plains overcome opposition from cattle ranchers?

a)

The farmers allied with Native Americans

b)

Barbed wire allowed farmers to enclose their lands

c)

Heavy rains made the Great Plains more suitable to planting than grazing

d)

Ranchers refused to divide up the open range

76.

Why were these immigrants relieved to see the type of land they had expected?

a)

They hoped to mine for gold

b)

They wanted to work on the railroad

c)

They planned on working in factories

d)

They hoped to establish farms

77.

What does this image say about the control of political bosses?

a)

political bosses wanted to squish the opportunities in New York

b)

political bosses control all of New York City

c)

Political bosses were showing their approval with a "thumbs up" image

d)

New Jersey did not have political bosses

78.

From this image, who is in control of the US lawmakers.

a)

Large monopolies

b)

small private business

c)

political machines

d)

labor unions

79.

What does this image say about the control of Standard Oil?

a)

Standard Oil is a monster trying to control the entire USA

b)

Standard Oil is trying to save government from political bosses

c)

Standard Oil is trying to keep government on the right track to benefit laborers

d)

Stand Oil had control over many aspects of government

80.

What does this image say about the need for labor unions?

a)

labor unions were desirable because the workers were being crushed by difficult living conditions and poor pay.

b)

Labor unions decreased nativism

c)

Labor unions helped big business keep control of the workers

d)

Labor unions helped reduce the length of the work day

81.

What does this image say is the controlling factor of decisions by political machines?

a)

resources

b)

influence

c)

power

d)

money

82.

Why do you think this man was trying to cover up or paint the Tammeny Hall Tiger?

a)

to make the political machine of New York seem better than it was

b)

To cover up the corruption of political bosses in New York

c)

to cover up secret information about the government in New York

d)

To cover up the mistreatment of immigrants by political machines

83.

What time period is known as the Gilded Age

a)

1844-1861

b)

1861-1865

c)

1865-1877

d)

1877-1900

84.

Which of the following cartoons represents nativism?

a)
b)
c)
d)
85.

How did the 19th Amendment expand the democratic process?

a)

By prohibiting discrimination in voting on the basis of race

b)

By eliminating the poll tax

c)

By prohibiting discrimination in voting on the basis of gender

d)

By lowering the voting age

86.

The creation of initiative, referendum, and recall procedures during the Progressive Era resulted in:

a)

a system of separate schools for new immigrants

b)

the expansion of citizens' direct participation in the democratic process

c)

a redistribution of the tax burden among citizens

d)

more sources of revenue for state governments

87.

Which groups were most influential in passing the Pure Food & Drug Act?

a)

Southern farmers and clergy members

b)

Factory owners and bankers

c)

Muckrakers and women's organizations

d)

College students and immigrants

88.

A student learning about US history is instructed to write a paper about W.E.B Du Bois and race relations in the US. Which of the following facts would be most relevant to the student's assignment?

a)

The Selma-to-Mongomery protest marches helped secure voting rights for minority citizens

b)

The NAACP was organized to help secure full legal equality for minority citizens

c)

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 outlawed many forms of discrimination in the housing market

d)

The March on Washington helped rally nationwide support for the Civil Rights movement

89.

How did the publication of The Jungle contribute to a change in the relationship between government and business?

a)

Federal troops were mobilized to break strikes by labor unions

b)

Government regulations requiring the inspection of food products were implemented

c)

Congress created a regulatory agency to audit railroads

d)

Laws were enacted that banned private companies from discriminating when hiring

90.

The Progressive goal of to implement women's suffrage was accomplished by:

a)

a national referendum

b)

an executive order

c)

a Supreme Court decision

d)

a constitutional amendment

91.

Which of these contributed to the ratification of the 18th Amendment?

a)

Veteran soldiers protesting to obtain benefits

b)

The growing political influence of women

c)

Politicians campaigning for education reform

d)

The growing number of workers organizing into labor unions

92.

Which of these was a major goal of Jane Addam's Settlement House movement in Chicago?

a)

The founding of women's colleges

b)

The introduction of prison reform

c)

The assimilation of immigrants

d)

The establishment of public libraries

93.

In early 1900s, Progressive Era reformers sought to increase public participation in government by supporting the:

a)

expansion of the "spoils" system

b)

direct election of US Senators

c)

creation of the Electoral College

d)

formation of the Federal Reserve system

94.

In the late 1800s, the principles of Social Gospel Movement were most consistent with the ideas of:

a)

the Populists

b)

laissez-faire economics

c)

the Progressives

d)

trust-busting

95.

These lyrics are representative of a movement that culminated in a constitutional amendment during the —

a)

Harlem Renaissance

b)

New Deal

c)

Reconstruction Era

d)

Progressive Era

96.

The issue addressed in this political cartoon was later settled by —

a)

The creation of the Temperance Society.

b)

The repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment.

c)

The initiation of the Settlement House movement.

d)

The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

97.

During the Progressive Era, one goal of state-level political reformers was to —

a)

Prevent party leaders from amending campaign platforms

b)

Increase the influence of business owners on regulatory legislation

c)

Promote the principle of direct democracy

d)

Limit the use of judicial review by circuit courts

98.

The creation of initiative, referendum, and recall procedures during the Progressive Era resulted in —

a)

A system of separate schools for new immigrants.

b)

The expansion of citizens’ direct participation in the democratic process.

c)

A redistribution of the tax burden among citizens.

d)

More sources of revenue for state governments.

99.

The reform discussed by Governor Johnson in this excerpt —

a)

Required elected officials to communicate regularly with the public.

b)

Provided citizens with more resources to run for office.

c)

Made elected officials more directly accountable to their constituents.

d)

created new eligibility requirements for candidates for public office.

100.

These achievements illustrate Ida B. Wells’s contributions as —

a)

Religious leader.

b)

An artist of the Harlem Renaissance.

c)

A supporter of Prohibition.

d)

An advocate of equality.

101.

Which groups were most influential in passing the Pure Food and Drug Act?

a)

Southern farmers and clergy members.

b)

Factory owners and bankers.

c)

Muckrakers and women’s organizations.

d)

College students and immigrants.

102.

What was a result of the social problems presented in this 1917 political cartoon?

a)

Government leaders introduced health-care reform laws.

b)

Lobbyists focused attention on the power of corporate monopolies.

c)

Women worked to improve conditions in tenement houses.

d)

Progressives worked to ratify a prohibition amendment.

103.

How did the ideas presented in this address affect the early Civil Rights movement in the United States?

a)

By encouraging African Americans to achieve equality through vocational education.

b)

By directly supporting Marcus Garvey’s Black Star Steamship Line.

c)

By encouraging African Americans to accept Jim Crow laws.

d)

By forming the basis for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

104.

What was the most likely topic of discussion between these men?

a)

Limiting the power of major railroad companies.

b)

Creating alternative maritime shipping routes.

c)

Designating additional land as national parks.

d)

Reducing the influence of environmental lobbyists.

105.

What was the primary result of this legislation?

a)

States instituted their own environmental regulations.

b)

Settlement on lands with fragile ecosystems was prohibited.

c)

Monopolies seized control of natural resources.

d)

National parks were created as a way to manage land resources.

106.

What was the most likely result of the publication of images such as this 1906 political cartoon?

a)

The government passed the Sherman Antitrust Act.

b)

Private companies refused to import foreign foods.

c)

The government passed the Pure Food and Drug Act.

d)

Labor unions protested unsafe working conditions.

107.

How did the publication of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle contribute to a change in the relationship between government and business?

a)

Federal troops were mobilized to break strikes by labor unions.

b)

Government regulations requiring the inspection of food products were implemented.

c)

Congress created a regulatory agency to audit railroads.

d)

Laws were enacted that banned private companies from discriminating when hiring.

108.

Which American value is described in this excerpt?

a)

Individualism.

b)

Populism.

c)

Liberty.

d)

Laissez-faire.

109.

Which value important to America’s success as a constitutional republic is best illustrated in this excerpt?

a)

Social justice.

b)

Populism.

c)

Laissez-faire.

d)

Egalitarianism.

110.

Which value is best reflected in this excerpt?

a)

Liberty.

b)

Populism.

c)

Laissez-faire.

d)

Egalitarianism.

111.

Which of the following was implemented in 1913 to solve these problems?

a)

Each state held party conventions in order to select senators.

b)

A national referendum was held to standardize the procedures for selecting senators.

c)

Open primaries were used to limit the choices of senators who could be confirmed by state legislatures.

d)

A constitutional amendment was ratified that required senators to be elected directly by popular vote.

112.

How did the person named in this 1909 handbill work to improve the lives of African Americans?

a)

By organizing voter-registration drives for African Americans.

b)

By supporting the formation of labor unions by African American workers.

c)

By promoting vocational training for African Americans.

d)

By organizing boycotts of businesses that refused service to African Americans.

113.

Which of these contributed to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment?

a)

Veteran soldiers protesting to obtain benefits.

b)

The growing political influence of women.

c)

Politicians campaigning for education reform.

d)

The growing number of workers organizing into labor unions.

114.

This model was evident in the United States through the works of —

a)

Frances Willard and her support of the temperance movement.

b)

A. Philip Randolph and his protests during World War II.

c)

Jane Addams and her programs for new immigrants.

d)

Eugene V. Debs and his establishment of the American Railway Union.

115.

What is one way the Progressive Era reform outlined in this diagram has affected U.S. politics?

a)

More women have been elected to Congress.

b)

Citizens have a more direct influence on lawmaking.

c)

Corrupt officials can be removed from office.

d)

Primary elections are prohibited in several states.

116.

Which caption best replaces the question mark in this photograph?

a)

Abolish the Poll Tax and the Literacy Test

b)

Demand the Direct Election of Senators

c)

Come in and Learn Why Women Ought to Vote

d)

Lower the Voting Age for Women to Eighteen

117.

What was the purpose of the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906?

a)

To protect consumers by regulating the food and drug industry.

b)

To lower the cost of essential foods and drugs for consumers.

c)

To prevent shortages by regulating the supply of food and drugs.

d)

To reduce production costs for food and drug manufacturers.