During this battle, Aeschylus’ brother Cynaerigus was killed while attempting to pull an enemy ship back to shore. This battle’s winning commander used a grove of trees to protect his flanks while the strategoi met. Callimachus broke a tied vote in favor of attacking during this battle. Miltiades’ hoplites pushed the losing side back into their ships during this battle, thwarting Darius’ invasion of Greece. For the point, identify this battle after which Pheidippides ran 26 miles to carry news of Athens’ victory over Persia.

(a)  

A state monopoly on this resource was declared by Louis XIV and subcontracted to the General Farm, leading Louis Mandrin to smuggle lower quality European types of this good. Jean Nicot sent this good to Catherine de Medici, starting a craze for this good, part of the “Psychedelic Revolution.” Indentured servitude was replaced by slavery due to the intense labor required to produce this resource, which was mainly grown around Chesapeake Bay. John Rolfe was the first to successfully grow for export, for the point, what cash crop which can be used in snuff or cigarettes?

(a)  

Many of these organisms contain organs of Bojanus, and some types of them produce a free swimming larva called a veliger. Most members of this phylum possess a chitinous ribbon used for food intake, which is supported by the odontophore. Many of their organs are contained in the(*) visceral mass, including the aforementioned radula. Some members of this phylum secrete calciferous shells from the mantle, and it includes the class Cephalopoda. For 10 points, name this phylum of animals that includes bivalves such as clams, as well as squid and octopi.

(a)  

This man wrote “we are not at fault for slaying” the title people in his anti-Semitic pamphlet “The Jews and their Lies.” This man attempted to refute claims that his teachings were causing unrest by writing “Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants.” This man dismissed good works by insisting upon the doctrine of sola fide [fee-day] and debated the Eucharist at the Marburg Colloquy with Ulrich Zwingli. Anger at Johannes Tetzel’s selling of indulgences prompted, for the point, what man to nail his 95 Theses to a church in Wittenberg?

(a)  

This author developed a horror for the French Revolution after the guillotining of the Comte de Feuillide, whose wife Eliza was possibly the model for this author’s epistolary novel Lady Susan. In one of this author’s books, “a heroine whom no one but [this author] will much like” ends up realizing she is in love with Mr. Knightley. This author’s most famous book starts with a “truth universally acknowledged” and centers on Elizabeth Bennett’s evolving feelings for Mr. Darcy. For the point, name this author who satirized social expectations for relationships in Emma and Pride and Prejudice.

(a)  

John Wesley Dobbs led this city’s Sweet Auburn neighborhood, which was devastated by a 1917 fire in its Old Fourth Ward. Joseph Terrell ended this city’s namesake 1906 race riot, after which M. Hoke Smith disenfranchised this city’s black voters. Eric Rudolph detonated a pipe bomb during this city’s 1996 Summer Olympics. A Confederate monument outside this city is the largest bas-relief in the world and was the site of the founding of the 2nd KKK. Stone Mountain is in a suburb of, for the point, what capital and largest city of Georgia.

(a)  

This material was extracted as tribute from the Kingdom of Khotan, which gathered it from the Yurunkash and Karankash Rivers. This material was used to make the pendants on a Silla-era gold crown found in the Heavenly Horse Tomb. A locust is hidden in a work made of this material shaped like a cabbage, which is held at the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Plates of this material were bound using gold, silver, or silk thread to make suits of this material during the Han Dynasty. For the point, name this semiprecious green stone popular in Imperial China.

(a)  

In this state, the Hercules crashed into Chunky Creek en route to reinforce Confederate forces. Henry Halleck seized a key railroad junction in this state after defeating P.G.T Beauregard in the Siege of Corinth. John C. Pemberton surrendered a fortress city in this state to Ulysses S. Grant allowing the completion of the 2nd phase of the Anaconda Plan. The Siege of Vicksburg took place in, for the point,

what state where a major Confederacy manufacturing center was located in Jackson?

(a)  

Melchior Homan was an apocalyptic prophet from this sect in Strasbourg. This sect's leader, Michael Sattler, was put to death by Ferdinand I. This religious sect's principles were laid out in the Schleitheim Confession. A trio of prophets from Zwickau predated the spread of this religious sect and

inspired the German Peasants' War. A Dutch offshoot of this group was led by Menno Simons. For the point, name this Protestant sect that opposes the baptism of infants in favor of a believer's baptism.

(a)  

This city was first conceived by Jose Bonifacio to shift power away from the southeastern municipalities. This city's Monumental Axis houses administrative buildings and joins with the Residential Axis to form an airplane shape. This city became the largest in the Federal District after it was developed under the fifty years of progress in five" plan of Juscelino Kubitschek. Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer

were responsible for developing, for the point, what planned city that replaced Rio de Janeiro as its country's capital in 1956?

(a)  

This politician detested porridge so much that he joked that the then-imprisoned and starving Sitting Bull should be fed his oatmeal as it was a worse fate. During one event, this man was attacked by a man who had been passed over as consul to Paris by Secretary of State James G. Blaine. This man was treated by Dr. Willard Bliss who used cabinet members' wives instead of trained nurses. A primitive

metal detector was designed by Alexander Graham Bell to search for a bullet lodged inside this man. For the point, name this President who was shot by Charles Guiteau.

(a)  

The final piece in the Vienna Philharmonic's New Year's Day program is a piece in this genre that commemorates the Battle of Custoza. Tchaikovsky wrote a piece in this genre for a benefit concert for wounded Serbians and was named for their ethnicity. Johann Strauss Sr. wrote a piece in this genre named for Count Radetsky, while other pieces in this genre include The Liberty Bell, The Washington Post, and

The Stars and Stripes Forever. For the point, John Phillip Sousa was the "king" of what musical genre

often depicting soldiers walking?

(a)  

Bertrand’s Postulate claims that there is always a prime between a positive integer and this number times that integer. The Euler characteristic of planar graphs and polyhedra is this number, meaning the number of faces plus vertices minus (*) edges is this number. An n-dimensional cube has this number to the power of n vertices, and Mersenne primes are one less than a power of it. This is the largest number equal to its own factorial, and the square root of this integer is the hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle with side length one. For ten points, what is this only even prime number?

(a)  

The disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip was controversially added to the death toll of this event, whose survivors were aided by the James Zadroga Act. Barbara Lee was the only representative to vote against the AUMF legislation passed in the wake of this event. Cantor Fitzgerald and Marsh & McLennan suffered over 800 deaths in this event. Richard Drew’s The Falling Man depicts this event, which followed a 1993 bombing attempt on its main target. For the point, name this al-Qaeda led attack where planes crashed into the Pentagon and the World Trade Center in 2001.

(a)  

This glassy igneous rock exhibits conchoidal fracture. Blades made from this rock can be sharpened to three nanometers thick.

(a)  

The electron dipole moment of this particle is at most three times ten to the negative 26th, and would violate CPT-symmetry if it is non-zero. This particle has a half-life of 881 seconds, and can break up into a proton, an electron and an electron antineutrino via beta decay. This particle is composed of one (*) up and two down quarks, and nuclear fission is initiated by the bombardment of this particle. The number of this particle dictates what isotope an atom is, and they have mass roughly equal to that of a proton. James Chadwick discovered, for ten points, what particle found in the nucleus, which, as its name suggests, has a net charge of zero?

(a)  

In July 2003, Marc and Ronald Fisher were injured in one of these events outside Mulcahy Stadium in Anchorage, delaying an Alaska Baseball League game. Four days after giving up three runs in less than two innings in the 2006 ALDS, Cory Lidle died in one of these events. In the oseason after collecting his 3,000th career hit, Roberto Clemente died in one of these events while working to bring aid to Nicaragua. Catcher Thurman Munson died during the 1979 season in, for the point, what type of tragedy, after which

the Yankees sued Cessna?

(a)  

One short story by this man sees Aylmer accidentally kill his wife while attempting to remove the titular “birthmark,” and one of his novels concerns the half-sisters Zenobia and Priscilla, who is loved by Miles Coverdale. This author also wrote a short story in which the title character finds his wife Faith at a witches’ sabbath, while in a novel by this author of The Blithedale Romance, Chillingworth torments Arthur Dimmesdale, the father of Pearl, who is the daughter of Hester Prynne. For 10 points, name this author of “Young Goodman Brown” and The Scarlet Letter.

(a)  

This organization’s founder began it after being charged by the administrative board of his school for breaching Internet security, and Dustin Moskovitz took on coding responsibilities after being made senior vice president of programming for this organization. Eduardo (*) Saverin was the first CFO and business manager of this organization before being replaced by Sean Parker, and it was initially built to be exclusively for Harvard students. In 2005, “the” was dropped from its domain name and it now has over 750 million active users. For ten points, name this website that uses the timeline feature to display users’ profiles, a social networking website created by Mark Zuckerberg.

(a)  

An approximation of this value performed by dropping a needle on a floor with parallel strips is named for Buffon. The square root of two times this number appears in the normal distribution function, and squaring the circle is impossible because this number is transcendental. It is the period of the tangent function, as well as the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter. For 10 points, name this number which is approximately equal to 22/7 or 3.14.

(a)  

Erdos’ squarefree conjecture asks whether the central one of these numbers is always squarefree, and they are the subject of Vandermonde’s convolution formula. The Catalan numbers can be defined using these numbers of indices 2n and n times one over n plus one. The hockey stick identity can be used to add them, and summing over their lower index from 0 to n gives two to the nth power. The entries of (*) Pascal’s triangle are these, which arise when multiplying a two-term polynomial with itself. These numbers are symbolized by a column matrix with two entries, and they are equal to n factorial divided by r factorial times n minus r factorial. For 10 points, name these objects, which give the number of ways to select r objects from a group of n.

(a)  

Identify this tuber plant that grows well in a cool climate, making it an ideal staple crop for northern locations such as Russia.

(a)  

One prayer that follows this action has a long sequence of lines beginning “ha-rakhaman,” while a general blessing before it ends “she-ha-kol neeyeh bid’varoh.” On a wedding day, the bride and groom do not do this from sunrise until the ceremony is complete, and generally a (*) hekhsher indicates objects to which this action can be done. Blessings recited after it are called birkat ha-mazon, while the motzi [“MOH-tsee”] is said before doing it in one circumstance. The laws of kashrut govern this action; those may be better known as the “kosher laws.” For 10 points, name this action, which is not done on Yom Kippur but may be applied to hamantashen or potato latkes.

(a)  

The sky in this work is said to be inspired by the eruption of Krakatoa. This painting was adapted into a lithograph in 1895 and was part of the artist’s The Frieze of Life. Two people can be seen walking in the background on a bridge, and the subject of this painting is standing in the center of the bridge, clutching its round head, and performing the title action. For 10 points, identify this painting by Edvard Munch featuring the title existentialist shriek.

(a)  

In late mythology, this figure became associated with Hathor. With Nephthys, she was one of the four children of Geb and Nut, the earth and sky, and she was the foster mother of Anubis in later myth. After Set cut this goddess’s (*) husband into pieces, this mother of Horus brought her husband back to life, making him the ruler of the underworld. For 10 points, name this Egyptian goddess, the wife and sister of Osiris.

(a)  

Branches of this religion, referred to as “mansions”, include Bobo Shanti and Niyabinghi, and this non-Jewish religion forbids eating shellfish in the I-tal dietary code. “Groundations” are holy days in this religion which also involves “reasoning” ceremonies. Haile Selassie is an incarnation of Jah, or God, in this religion which believes Mount Zion to be in Ethiopia. For 10 points, name this Jamaican religion whose members smoke ritual “ganja” and wear their hair in dreadlocks.

(a)  

Elisabeth Freeman investigated one of these events labeled the \Waco Horror", pictures of which were later published as part of a report in The Crisis. Ephraim Grizzard was targeted in one of these events, during which he was dragged in front of a crowd of 10,000 people. Leonidas C. Dyer attempted to make these events a federal crime but his legislation was blocked by Southern Democrats. The \Knights of Mary Phagan" carried out one of these attacks against Leo Frank after his sentence was commuted.

For the point, name these extrajudicial murders which often involved hanging African-Americans.

(a)  

This work’s title character composes a memorial for her fountain pen and fills a decorated laundry basket with shoes. In one scene, carpenters come to fill fire extinguishers. Mr. Dussel pretends to open a dental practice in this book, jokingly examining another character’s cavities. The protagonist’s family, including her(*) sister Margot, shares a space with the Van Daans, whose son Peter becomes the protagonist’s close friend. All entries are addressed to Kitty in, for 10 points, what chronicle written in a secret annex by a Dutch girl who died in the Holocaust?

(a)  

This river rises on Mount Fumaiolo and passes through Rome on its way to emptying into the Tyrrhenian Sea.

(a)  

This man introduced a bill that reclassified ecstasy as a “type b” substance. This man slashed 88 jet fighters from his nation’s military budget. One of his policies offered loans to students studying math and science, but this man also significantly raised fees for public universities. He defeated David Davis to replace(*) Michael Howard as leader of his party, and made a coalition with Nick Clegg and the Liberal Democrats to avoid a hung parliament. For 10 points, identify this Conservative who is the current Prime Minister of the UK.

(a)  

One section of this book describes a wall made of jasper and decorated with precious stones. The narrator addresses the seven churches of Asia in the second and third chapters of this work, and a voice can be heard saying “I am the alpha and the omega.” In this book’s eighth and the ninth books, the trumpeting of an angel destroys a third of the world. Jesus is described as the “Word of God” in this book, and it involves the opening of the seven seals and the Whore of Babylon. For 10 points, name this book of the Bible about the apocalypse, written by John of Patmos.

(a)  

This deity held a golden band when going to Mount Ida, executing a plan to make love in a golden cloud. This goddess transformed queen Lamia of Libya into a monster out of envy, and decreed that Leto was not to give birth on(*) Terra Firma. This goddess struck Tiresias blind for siding with Zeus in a debate, and Echo engaged in distracting conversation with her. Some myths say that this goddess gave birth to Hephaestus alone instead of with her often-cheating husband. For 10 points, name this Greco-Roman Goddess of women and children and wife of Zeus.

(a)  

In Cornish folklore these creatures include Cormoran and Gogmagog, who died in early Britain. Two of these creatures floated in a hollow tree trunk to survive a flood of blood in Norse myth. Artemis killed twin beings of this type who attempted to climb a stack of mountains to Olympus. Angrboda was a female one who bore Fenrir. The cow-fed Ymir is a primal one of these creatures, and Jotunheim is home to the “frost” type which antagonizes the Norse gods. For 10 points, name these beings which, in a folktale, live above the magic beanstalk planted by Jack.

(a)  

Upon taking office, this man declared Aslan Maskhadov’s Chechen government illegitimate, and he later gave medals to the soldiers who “accidentally” killed Maskhadov. This man was recently booed at a boxing match and said that a diplomat gave a “good signal” to his opponents. The owner of the New Jersey Nets recently announced he would run in an election against this man, who, after (*) Boris Yelstin resigned, became acting president of his country. In 2008, he declined to run for a third term as president, but in December 2011, he announced he would once again run. For ten points, name this Russian politician who is the current prime minister of Russia.

(a)  

This half-man, half-bull creature was imprisoned in the Labyrinth on Crete and killed regular sacrifices of seven young men and seven young women before its defeat by Theseus.

(a)  

The Feminine Brigades of St. Joan of Arc participated in one conflict in this country, the Cristero War. The Plan of Ayutla led to the creation of a constitutional assembly in this country, which created constitutions in 1857 and(*) 1917. Emperor Maximilian I ruled this country following a period known as La Reforma under the leadership of Benito Juárez. The current president of this country supports the Mérida Initiative, which is attempting to combat drug trafficking and violence in it. For 10 points, name this North American country currently led by Felipe Calderon.

(a)  

One of the “Golden Rules” for operational amplifiers states that this quantity is the same at both inputs of an op-amp. Norton’s Theorem states that some electrical circuits can be simplified to a resistor and a source of this in parallel. Kirchhoff’s Node Rule states that the sum of this quantity entering and leaving a junction must equal(*) zero. Maxwell names a correction factor for the displacement type of this quantity in Ampere’s Law. For 10 points, name this quantity equal to voltage divided by resistance in Ohm’s Law, symbolized I, and measured in amps.

(a)  

This technique is featured in the book You Have Seen Their Faces, which was published by Erskine Caldwell and his wife. One user of this technique was depicted in the Honore Daumier painting Nadar Elevating [This] to Art. Joe Rosenthal used this medium to(*) depict four soldiers on top of a hill. Another artist in this medium produced The Terminal and The Steerage, while another portrayed John Lennon five hours before he was shot. For 10 points, name this medium employed by Alfred Stieglitz and Annie Liebovitz, which involves using cameras.

(a)  

“Band on the Run”, “Silly Love Songs”, and “My Love” are a few notable solo hits by this bassist and ex-Beatle who composed “Yesterday”.

(a)  

This work is thought to have been commissioned to replace a lost work on a similar topic by Lorenzo Di Medici. Some of the flora depicted in this work include cattails in the lower left corner and pink flowers falling down next to the central figure.(*) Horae waits behind the title figure and throws a pink cloth over her, while another figure, Zephyr, blows wind behind her to propel her towards shore. For 10 points, identify this work in which the title goddess stands upon a shell in the ocean, a painting by Sandro Botticelli.

(a)  

Mammals perform the “tidal” variety of this action, which is less efficient than an unidercentional approach. In insects, holes called spiracles open up into a system of chitin tubes where this process takes place, and birds use a series of sacs to make this process highly efficient. Rows of(*) lamellae form the filaments of the organs fish use for this process by running a concurrent exchange of molecules, the gills. For 10 points, the alveoli are the site of this process in humans, in which waste gases are exchanged for oxygen, that takes place in the lungs.

(a)  

Gericault hailed from this country, also the home of classical painter Nicolas Poussin and Impressionist Berthe Morisot.

(a)  

One character in this work has a vision of Nimrod and the Tower of Babel, and this work’s author requests inspiration from Urania. One character in this work lives “where peace and rest can never dwell”. After disguising as a cherub to get past Uriel, that character transforms into a(*) cormorant and perches upon the Tree of Life, and he claims it is “better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven.” For 10 points, identify this epic poem in which Satan succeeds in tempting Adam and Eve to sin, a work of John Milton.

(a)  

This poet composed The Waste Land as well as The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock, wherein the title character asks “do I dare to eat a peach?”

(a)  

Costanze sings “Martern aller Arten” in one of this man’s operas, and Neptune punishes the title king of Crete in his Idomeneo. Anton Stadler was the dedicatee of his Clarinet Concerto in A Major, and he begins with unison D octaves in his Haffner(*) Symphony. Franz Sussmayr completed this composer’s Requiem Mass in D Minor. This composer also wrote “Der Holle Rache” for the Queen of the Night in an opera about the rescue of her daughter Pamina by Tamino. For 10 points, name this composer of The Magic Flute and Eine Kleine Nachtmusik.

(a)  

One work by this author is set in Green Town, Illinois and is titled Farewell Summer. That novel is a sequel to a work in which Douglas Spaulding chronicles his experiences in a tablet. In another of this man’s novels, Will and Jim find a carousel that alters peoples’ ages at Cooger & Dark’s Pandemonium Shadow Show. This author of Dandelion(*) Wine and Something Wicked This Way Comes wrote about a fire chief, Beatty, who is killed by Guy Montag after accusing Montag of illegally hoarding books. For 10 points, identify this author of Fahrenheit 451.

(a)  

Though the early Italian state did not include Veneto and Latium, they were added after Italy allied itself with this German “Minister President” in his wars against Austria and France.

(a)  

According to Ovid, Circe poisoned this woman and turned her into a monster, whom Odysseus sailed quickly past while trying to avoid Charybdis.

(a)  

One of these reactions that produces substituted 1,4-cyclohexadienes is named for Birch. Ketones or aldehydes are turned into alkanes in a reaction of this type named for Wolff and Kishner. Electropositive metals are good agents for this process due to their ability to form(*) cations. The fixation of carbon into sugars during photosynthesis is this kind of reaction, and electrochemical half-reactions for this process produce electrons. For 10 points, name this process in which molecules gain electrons, the opposite of oxidation.

(a)  

This metal is commonly used in the anode of voltaic cells, where it is oxidized into its only oxidation state, plus 2. It is also used to make brass when alloyed with copper.

(a)  

This empire experienced a 19-year interregnum after the reign of Conrad IV. It allowed one region to levy capital punishment through Vehmic courts, and it claimed its legitimacy through the doctrine of translatio imperii. Though it was not officially dissolved until the abdication of(*) Francis II in 1806, its rule was decentralized by the Peace of Westphalia. For 10 points, name this empire ruled by Otto I, a collection of mostly German states and the nominal successor to an earlier empire centered in Italy.

(a)  

This phenomenon could theoretically allow each consumer to be charged their reservation price, and increasing returns to scale allow a “natural” form of it. In this situation, prices are set above marginal revenue; thus, firms are(*) price-makers. Intellectual property is a temporarily protected one due to patent and copyright law. AT&T and Standard Oil were examples of these that were broken up by antitrust suits. For 10 points, identify this market state in which there is only one supplier of a particular good, the opposite of perfect competition.

(a)  

Adherents to this faith recite special prayers for the deceased on the third, ninth, and fortieth days after their death. It’s not Judaism, but this faith bans instruments from prayer services, considering voices the best way to praise God. This sect partakes in a fast forty days before the Nativity, and it calls the(*) Virgin Mary Theotokos. This denomination, often represented by a three-barred cross, is known for its use of Icons. For 10 points, identify this Christian sect, popular in Greece and Russia.

(a)  

The lac operon was discovered in this rod-shaped bacterial species, whose O157:H7 strain can cause food-borne illness if ingested.

(a)  

Two characters in this novel, Quimbo and Sambo, are ordered to savagely beat another. Another, Ophelia, goes to New Orleans to visit her cousin and his daughter. Eva catches a fever and dies two years after this work’s title character saves her from drowning in the(*) Mississippi River, and the slave hunter Loker attempts to capture two escapees from the plantation of Arthur Shelby. One of this novel’s main characters is sold to transplanted northerner Simon Legree. For 10 points, identify this abolitionist novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

(a)