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WorksheetsCognition Lecture 1 - Learning (Memory 1)
Total questions: 23
Worksheet time: 15mins
What is meant when it is said that learning and memory are interrelated?
Capacity to learn from memory depends on how something was presented.
Capacity to retrieve from memory depends on how something was learned.
Learning is short term memory and memory is long term memory.
Learning is long term memory and memory is short term memory.
The ... hypothesis argues that there amount learned is a function of the time spent learning. The critical factor is...
Total-time / distribution of practice
Expansion normalisation / total-time
Practice drives brain plasticity, how?
It causes neurons to grow.
It undergoes changes in response to memory or environmental demands.
It undergoes changes in response to learning or environmental demands.
What did the Maguire et al., 2000 - London Taxi drivers study show?
The posterior hippocampus of taxi drivers was consistently larger and correlated with the amount of time spent as taxi drivers.
The posterior hippocampus of taxi drivers was consistently the same size - there was no difference between them and normal population.
Expertise and brain plasticity.
Expertise does not help with brain plasticity.
What is this hypothesis... These changes are assumed to be part of the process that optimises learning but they are not perpetual. Over time, the brain renormalises the volume in regions enhanced by practice...
Distributed practice.
Some structural changes are selected, others are dropped.
Expansions normalisation hypothesis.
Practice drives structural plasticity.
What is a better use of time when studying?
Simple repetition
Distributed practice
What did the study by Melton (1970) indicate about learning/ studying?
Learning is linearly related to the amount of study.
Simple repetition helps understanding.
Lag effect (the benefit of repeated study increase as lag between study does).
Spaced learning of word stimuli increases subsequent recall.
Baddeley and Longman (1978) - tested rate of learning typing skills under 4 training schedules. Training was based on sessions lasting for one or two hours occurring once or twice per day. What were the results?
Keyboard training should be distributed over time, rather than massed.
The group trained for two daily sessions of two hours performed most poorly.
Retention was tested after one, three or nine months, and indicated a loss in speed of about 30%.
Learning was most efficient in the group given one session of one hour per day, and least efficient in the group trained for two 2-hour sessions.
What was the contradiction in Kornell and Bjork's (2008) study on spaced presentation?
Participants only remembered the famous paintings (because they were older memories).
Participants reported superiority of distributed learning despite showing the opposite effect.
Participants reported superiority of massed learning despite showing the opposite effect.
There are 3 theories explaining why distributed practice works: encoding variability, deficient processing and study-phase retrieval, which is which?
Top: Deficient processing, Middle: Encoding variability, Bottom: Study-phase retrieval
Top: Study-Phase retrieval, Middle: Encoding variability, Bottom: Deficient processing
Top: Encoding variability, Middle: Deficient processing, Bottom: Study-phase retrieval
Top: Deficient processing, Middle: Study-phase retrieval, Bottom: Encoding variability
Karpicke and Roediger (2008) studied The Testing Effect/Generation effect, what did they find?
The testing effect shows that having to retrieve the answer, rather than being presented with it, leads to greater retention.
The presence of tests had no major effect on what was remembered one week later.
The presence of tests had a major effect on what was remembered one week later.
The testing effect shows that having to retrieve the answer, rather than being presented with it, leads to less retention.
The Testing/Generation effect shows that ... in recall when training will affect later recall unless ..... is given.
errors / corrective feedback
feedback / errors
help / time
... is said to promote deeper learning.
Testing
Evolution
Matt
Boris
What do these graphs (Karpicke & Blunt, 2011) indicate?
Testing (retrieval practice) promoted superior memory, though students believed it to be the least effective method of studying.
Testing (retrieval practice) promoted superior memory and students believed it to be the most effective method of studying.
The expanding retrieval method (Landauer & Bjork, 1978) includes the ... effect and ... effect.
spacing / testing
expansion / normalisation
interference / testing
What is the contradiction between the spacing effect and the testing effect?
Spaced presentation enhances memory so study and test should be separated as much as possible, BUT the sooner an item is tested after initial presentation, the more likely it is to be recalled & strengthened (testing effect).
Testing effect enhances memory so study and test should be separated as much as possible, BUT the sooner an item is tested after initial presentation, the more likely it is to be recalled & strengthened (spacing effect).
Spaced presentation is worse memory so study and test should be presented together, BUT the further apart an item is tested after initial presentation, the more likely it is to be recalled & strengthened (testing effect).
Spaced presentation is worse memory so study and test should be presented together, BUT the further apart an item is tested after initial presentation, the more likely it is to be recalled & strengthened (testing effect).
What would this be known as?
Expansions normalisation hypothesis
Lag effect
Spaced study-test cycle
Plasticity
In which 2 ways might motivation make learning more efficient?
Trial & Feedback
Internal & External
Learning & Memory
Automatic & Strategic
Gruber et al., 2014 found curiosity during learning affects later memory, why?
Internal and external motivation increases successful encoding.
A state of curiosity favours encoding of new information.
These motivations are associated with changes in a network of brain regions that involve the hippocampus.
A state of curiosity is not beneficial for encoding of new information because a person is distracted from there stimuli.
What does Hebbian learning involve?
Strengthening the connections of co-active neurons.
Internal motivation.
Other people.
Weakening the connections of disused neurons.
Bliss & Lomo (1973) found neurobiological evidence for Hebbian learning, what is this?
Intrinsic plasticity within neurons.
Electric potentials
Long term potentiation (LTP)
Axonal pathways
In the brain, learning depends on...
Long term potentiation (LTP)
The amygdala
Axonal pathways
External motivation
Neurons repeatedly excited in synchrony. The chemistry of the synapse (gap) between neurons changes. Each one becomes more likely to have action potential when the other does. How can this be summed up?
'Co-active neurons'.
'Neurons with axonal pathways transfer electrical potential'.
'Learning depends on LTP'.
'Neurons that fire together, wire together'.
