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WorksheetsTFL731_final exam
Total questions: 53
Worksheet time: 53mins
How do we call the total set of subjects of interest in a study?
population
descriptive statistics
parameter
sample
inferential statistics
How do we call the subset of the population on which the study collects data?
data file
sample
parameter
population
descriptive statistics
Which of the following summarizes the information in a collection of data?
population
parameter
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
sample
Which of the following provides predictions about a population, based on data from a sample of that population?
descriptive statistics
parameter
inferential statistics
sample
population
Which of the following is a definition of data?
observations gathered on the characteristics of interest
population and sample
numerical summary of the sample data
graphs, tables, numbers
numerical summary of the population
What is statistics?
summarizing the data
planning how to gather data for research studies
a body of methods for obtaining and analyzing data
making predictions based on the data
all answers are correct
What do we call planning how to gather data fro research studies?
description
descriptive statistics
design
inference
data science
What do we do when we summarize data?
design
inferential statistics
description
inference
prediction
What do we do when we make predictions based on the data?
big data analytics
data collection
inference
description
design
A parameter is a numerical summary of the population, and a statistic is a numerical summary of the sample data.
True
False
Which of the following is a characteristic that can vary in value among subjects in a sample or population?
Variable
Constant
Sample
Population
What kind of variable has a measurement scale with numerical values?
Quantitative
Qualitative
Statistic
Parameter
A variable with possible values from a set of separate numbers, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, etc., is called:
Discrete
Continuous
Qualitative
Categorical
What kind of variable can take an infinite continuum of possible real number values?
Continuous
Any variable
Discrete
Categorical
Fill in the blank in this definition:
A ________ sample of n subjects from a population is one in which each possible sample of that size has the same probability (chance) of being selected.
Simple random
Convenience
Snowball
Quota
What kind of numbers are computer-generated according to a scheme whereby each digit is equally likely to be any of the integers 1, 2, 3, …, 9 and doesn’t depend on the other digits generated?
Random numbers
Simple numbers
Complex numbers
Real numbers
What do we call an error that occurs when we use a statistic based on a sample to predict the value of a population parameter?
Sampling error of a statistic
Error
Sampling bias
Convenience sample
Which of the following occurs from using nonprobability samples or having undercoverage?
Sampling bias
Response bias
Nonresponse bias
Systematic random sample
Which of the following occurs when the subject gives an incorrect response (perhaps lying), or the question wording or the way the interviewer asks the questions is confusing or misleading?
Response bias
Sampling bias
Nonresponse bias
Systematic random sample
Which of the following occurs when some sampled objects cannot be reached or refuse to participate or fail to answer some questions?
Response bias
Sampling bias
Nonresponse bias
Simple random sample
Which of the following is an example of a probability sample?
Simple random sample
Systematic random sample
Stratified random sample
Cluster random sample
All answers are correct
What is the relative frequency for a category?
Proportion or percentage of the observations that fall in that category
The ratio of the observations that fall in that category
The number of observations in that category
There is no correct answer here
What do we call a listing of possible values for a variable, together with a number of observations at each value?
Frequency distribution
Quantity distribution
Distribution
Relative frequency distribution
What do we call a graph of a relative frequency distribution for a quantitative variable?
Histogram
Stem-and-leaf plot
Box plot
Scatterplot
Which of the following is a graph representing each observation in the data by its leading digit(s) (stem) and by its final digit?
Stem-and-leaf plot
Histogram
Box plot
Scatterplot
What do we call a measure of the center of data calculated as the sum of observations divided by the number of observations?
Mean
Median
Skewness
Mode
What do we call the observation that falls in the middle of the ordered sample?
Median
Mean
Leptokurtic
Mode
Median and mean are not appropriate for quantitative variables.
True
False
The median is more appropriate than the mean when distributions are highly skewed.
True
False
What do we call the value that occurs most frequently?
Mode
Mean
Median
Distribution
If two distinct mounds occur in a distribution, what do we call such a distribution?
Bimodal
Unimodal
Trimodal
No correct answer here
What do we call a difference between the largest and smallest observations?
Range
Standard deviation
Interquartile range
Deviation
What do we call the difference between the value of an observation and the sample mean?
Range
Deviation
Interquartile range
Center of the data
The deviation is positive when an observation falls above the mean.
True
False
The deviation is negative when an observation falls above the mean.
True
False
Standard deviation is always either equal to zero or is greater than zero.
True
False
The greater the variability about the mean, the larger the standard deviation.
True
False
What do we call the point in the data such that p% of the observations fall below or at that point and (100 - p)% fall above it?
The median
The mean
No correct answer here
The pth percentile
An observation is an outlier if it falls 1.5 IQRs above the upper quartile or more than 1.5 IQRs below the lower quartile.
True
False
Which of the following is another name of the outcome variable?
Question variable
Research question variable
Response variable
Explanatory variable
Independent variable
Which of the following is another name of an explanatory variable?
Response variable
Independent variable
Outcome variable
Dependent variable
Question variable
With a random sample or a randomized experiment, what can be defined as the proportion of times that outcome would occur in a very long sequence of observations?
long-run relative frequency
long-run frequency
probability an observation has a particular outcome
relative frequency
Which distribution is symmetric, bell-shaped, and characterized by its mean mu and standard deviation sigma?
exponential distribution
normal distribution
gamma distribution
Weibull distribution
What is a z-score for a value y of a variable?
number of standard deviations that y falls from the mean
standard deviation
z-distribution
normal distribution
What do we call the normal distribution with mean = 0 and standard deviation = 1?
standard distribution
normal distribution
standard normal distribution
all answers are correct
What do we call the probability distribution that specifies probabilities for the possible values that a statistic can take?
probability distribution
a sampling distribution
normal distribution
all answers are correct
Interviewing is a form of questioning characterized by the fact that it employs verbal questioning as its principal technique of data collection.
True
False
What are some of the reasons for using interviews as a research instrument to collect data?
There is a need to attain highly personalized data
A good return rate is important
When respondents are not fluent in the native language of the country, or where they have difficulties with written language
There are opportunities for probing
All answers are correct
What are the main types of interviews?
objective and subjective
fun and boring
fully structured, semi-structured, unstructured
scientific, journalistic, and YouTube interviews
What kind of questions should be avoided when collecting data using interviews?
Long questions (the interviewee may remember only part of the question, and respond to that part)
Double-barrelled (or multiple-barrelled) questions
Questions involving jargon likely to be unfamiliar to the target audience
Biased questions
All answers are correct
Which of the following data collection tools is used for ethnography?
Participant observation: field notes and reflective field notes
Structured interviews
Semi-structured interviews
All answers are correct
What are some of the advantages of the ethnographic approach?
Richer comprehensive perspective
Lends itself well to research topics that are not easily quantified
Particularly appropriate to behaviors that are best understood by observing them within their natural settings
Especially suited to studying group behavior over time
All answers are correct
What are some of the disadvantages of the ethnographic approach?
Highly dependent on the particular researcher’s observations and interpretations
Difficult to check the validity of the researcher’s conclusions
Non-generalizable results
Variables and relationships are hard to define due to research usually beginning without any hypothesis
All answers are correct
