Many of the corporate crimes that Sutherland discovered in his study were made by companies that were war profiteering during WWI and WWII by selling weapons and secrets to US enemies.

A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.

Crimes committed by an individual for personal gain or profit during the course of their occupation.

Crimes committed by companies and businesses. These can sometimes be done by just individuals that are working to benefit the company, not just themselves.

A more inclusive term for corporate crime since these types of crimes are committed by both large and small companies, not just large corporations.

Perpetrated by individuals for profit or gain

Professionals committing crimes in their professional occupation.

Committed by officials through the authority of their public office.

Committed by individuals for the benefit of an organization or corporation.

Employees stealing materials, equipment, merchandise, or stationary from an employer.

Employees theft or misuse of company funds

When a company makes false or illegal claims about their products.

Involves the agreement by multiple corporations to charge a particular price for a good or service. This is meant to set the price and eliminate competition, allowing these companies to set the price higher and make more money.

An operation run by criminals that provide illegal goods and services that people demand as their primary source of income.

Organized crime is hard to get rid of even though people don't want to buy the illegal goods and services that these criminals provide.

Organized crime often participates in this crime of lending money at interest rates higher than the legal limit.

A tactic to stop organized crime that suggests making goods and services that the public wants legal in order to legitimize and regulate them more effectively.

Actions that do not conform to society's general ideas of normal social behavior and moral values.

The idea that the goal of the criminal justice system is to prevent crime from happening by making people avoid committing crimes due to the threat of punishment.

The idea that the goal of the criminal justice system is to protect society by limiting the freedom of offenders by placing them in a controlled environment away from society.

The idea that the goal of the criminal justice system is to punish people who break laws, make them feel something similar to the victims, and hope that it keeps them from committing crimes again.

The idea that the goal of the criminal justice system is to provide offenders with training or treatment that will give them skills to return to society without returning to crime.

The idea that the goal of the criminal justice system is to help offenders transition back into society by slowly reintroducing them with halfway houses and work programs to reintegrate them into society.

The idea that if people see punishments given to offenders they will be less likely to commit crimes of their own.

The idea that if offenders are punished harshly for a crime that they committed they will be less likely to commit the same crime again in the future.

The most extreme form of incapacitation is the death penalty.

This form of rehabilitation helps prisoners with tutoring, GED programs, or other courses to teach them skills since many inmates have not obtained their high school diplomas.

This form of rehabilitation helps prisoners by giving them employment in prison that will give them skills or teach them a trade that they can use outside of prison instead of returning to crime.

This form of rehabilitation helps prisoners by giving them group or personal therapy for substance abuse, depression, and stress. This allows them to build coping skills conducive to leading productive lives outside of prison.

A person or their items cannot be seized unless their potential guilt meets this standard.

Evidence gathered illegally may not be admissible in court because of this.

Statements by the accused may be excluded if they were not provided this upon their arrest.

The pretrial step where there is a preview of the trail in front of the judge where the prosecution must show there is enough evidence for the case to move forward, but the defense does not have to provide any evidence and can see the strength of the case against them.

In this type of trial, a group of twelve citizens must unanimously decide whether the defendant is guilty or innocent of a crime.

This type of trial is often better for defendants if they want to appeal to people's emotions to find them innocent.

In this type of trial, the judge decides whether the defendant is guilty or innocent.

The pretrial step where the accused is taken in front of a low-level judge that determines if probable cause exists and whether the accused will be released, set bail, or detained in jail until the trial proceeds.

This type of correction is only an option given for less serious crimes where offenders are less likely to repeat their crime.

This type of correction is an alternative to prison which may be offered initially for first time offenders or for offenders who have served a portion of their time in jail or prison. The convicted is able to return to their community as long as they meet certain conditions. If they are violated, they return to prison to serve out their sentence.

This type of correction is an alternative to prison in some states and use an alternative form of punishment. For example, a juvenile offender may be sent to a boot camp instead of a detention facility.

This type of correction is used for more serious crimes and has the convicted person serve at least part of their sentence in jail or prison with the security level being determined by the severity of their crime.

Prisoners in this program have served part of their sentence in jail or prison may be released under certain conditions. If they violate the terms of these conditions, they will return to jail or prison to complete their sentence.

This model's goal is to protect society.

This model's goal is to protect individual human rights.

This model's philosophy is to trust that law enforcement and prosecutors do their jobs correctly.

This model's philosophy is to worry that law enforcement and prosecutors may make mistakes or be prone to bias.

This model's application is to presume the defendant is guilty until they prove otherwise.

This model's application is to presume the defendant is innocent until the prosecutor proves otherwise.

This model's is sometimes compared to a conveyor belt because it is worried about being quick and efficient at convicting offenders.

What is a basic requirement for people that want to become a police officer?

The set of norms and values that governs police behavior, which exists due to the danger, stress, and isolating nature of the profession, is referred to as what?

What is at the heart of the police subculture?

Since the profession often isolates them from the rest of society, many police officers choose to associate mostly with their families and other officers when off-duty. This is referred to as the?

Police often have the ability to choose whether or not they arrest someone. This is called police _______?

What is the most important factor in whether or not a police officer arrests a suspect?

African Americans and Hispanic Americans make up around 25% of the US population but 58% of the US prison population.

While there is less evidence that race directly plays a role in arrest decisions, many studies suggest that some police officers treat people differently based on their race or ethnicity.

Treating someone different based on their race or ethnicity is called?

Programs and policies that partner law enforcement with the communities they serve.

Programs that aim to change a community's perception of law enforcement by connecting them with officers, not by changing the way policing is done.

State level courts that deal with minor criminal cases, like traffic violations, that are overseen by a Justice of the Peace.

State level courts that deal with major cases that exist at the county level mostly, but some less populated counties may combine into one court system.

State level courts that hear cases that are appealed after their initial decisions in trial courts.

The highest appellate court in a state.

Federal courts that deal with minor federal offenses and sign search and arrest warrants.

Federal courts that deal with both major civil and criminal cases at the federal level, with 94 courts of this level throughout the US.

Federal courts that deal with appeals from individuals convicted in federal trial courts, with 13 throughout the US.

The highest court in the United States, whose decisions impact the law throughout the entire country.

Sometimes called voir dire, this is the process where both sides of the case help determine who will be on the jury for their case.

Each side of a case gets a certain number of these objections towards certain jurors.

These challenges occur when the lawyers on either side believe that a juror shows clear bias in the case.

Arguments for the death penalty (check all that apply.)

Arguments against the death penalty (check all that apply.)

Hold individuals who have been arrested and are awaiting trial.

Hold individuals who have been convicted and are serving out their sentence.

Hold individuals who have usually been convicted of misdemeanors and are held for up to one year or less.

When someone first enters the criminal justice system after being arrested, they are held here.

Usually run by local officials and are often under funded and overcrowded.

Can widely vary in size depending on the population of the area where they are located.

Are run by state or federal officials and usually receive more funding for programs meant to rehabilitate the convicts they hold.

The most violent offenders go here to serve longer sentences in facilities with high walls and gun towers.

Starting in the 16th century in Holland and other European countries, these facilities were created due to the belief that offenders could perform some useful labor for society to pay for their crimes.

In England, these decommissioned ships were used to hold offenders in the middle of the water at night while the offenders worked during the day doing public works.

In the United States, these facilities were created to confine offenders and got its name because it was believed that offenders were doing penitence to make up for their crimes.

As conditions in penitentiaries were found to be dismal in the late 19th century, many people argued that prison should be designed to reform offenders and return them as productive members of society though vocation and educational programs. However, few offenders actually reformed.

Operating costs have become a strain on state and local budgets over the past few decades, causing many of them to turn towards private companies to create private prison. These prisons are often given what nickname?

The process of learning the prison society and its expectations, rules, norms, and values. Prisoners have to make these adaptations due to the changes from them civilian life to prison life.

A unique vocabulary that is often used when in prison.

Obtaining goods that are unattainable and contraband.

A conditional release of a prisoner after they have served part of their sentence.

A group of respected citizens appointed by the governor to review and determine whether or not a prisoner should be released on parole.

Held to allow a prisoner to make their case for parole in front of the Parole Board.

A person assigned to offenders that are released on parole that monitor their activity and help them reintegrate into society.

The restrictions that a prisoner is expected to abide by when released on parole. If these are violated, the parolee may have to return to prison to serve out their sentence.

A sentence to release a convicted offender before they serve prison time under certain conditions and supervision.

When an offender is sentenced to compensate their victim, usually in the form of money.

When convicted prisoners are released from prison under certain conditions. If those conditions are violated, they will return to prison to serve their sentence.

When convicted offenders are released under certain conditions and will not need to serve any of their sentence in prison as long as they follow certain conditions.