Pulmonary embolism is associated with high V/Q ratio and increase in arterial PCO2.

Distal deep vein thrombosis originates from the iliac and femoral veins.

Obesity and aging are risk factors for developing DVT.

Myocardial infarction is a risk factor for DVT

Anticoagulant prophylaxis is highly recommended before knee surgery

Pulmonary function test is widely used to diagnose pulmonary embolism.

Amniotic fluid during labor can cause PE.

Digital clubbing is a symptom associated with obstructive lung diseases.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is associated with repetitive microinjury of the lungs especially type II cells.

Occupational hazards may contribute to the development of pulmonary fibrosis.

Damage to the airway epithelial cells is associated with pulmonary fibrosis.

In pulmonary fibrosis, there is a thickening of the interstitium and alteration in both ventilation and perfusion.

In pulmonary fibrosis, there is an increase in both elastic recoil and compliance of the lungs.

Emphysema is an example of restrictive lung disease.

In emphysema, there is an increase in chest size due to lack of activity of elastase enzymes.

Centriacinar emphysema is usually seen in patients with deficiency is alpha-1 antiprotenase enzyme.

A patient with hyperinflation and high V/Q ratio symptoms is possibly an emphysema patient.

Polycythemia is usually associated with pulmonary fibrosis.

Risk factors for COPD include smoking, exposure to silica and genetic factors.

Productive cough for 3 months over 2 years period is diagnostic for centriacinar emphysema.

COPD is associated with inflammation.

Resting hypoxemia in chronic bronchitis is caused by high V/Q ratio.

Hypersecretion of mucus glands is associated with asthma and chronic bronchitis.

In obstructive disorders, the rate of air flow is enhanced and FEV1 is reduced.

In restrictive disorders, there is a decrease in both FEV1 and FVC.

Bronchial hyper-responsiveness is a hallmark of asthma.

Bronchial hyper-responsiveness is tested by administering antihistamines to patients.

Bronchial hyper-responsiveness is caused by denudation of the airway epithelia and exposing the sensory nerves.

Atopy is the only cause of asthma.

Asthma may develop in adult patients independent on IgE production.

Atelectasis is associated with low V/Q ratio and pulmonary vasoconstriction.

In severe asthmatic case, the EPP site will be close to the upper cartilaginous airway.

In emphysema, the EPP site is steeper than normal towards the alveoli.

The airflow downstream from the EPP is effort-independent.

The transpulmonary pressure at the EPP is equivalent to the intrapleural pressure.

Increased elastic recoil facilitate lung inflation.

Pneumothorax leads to lung collapse due to a sudden drop in the intrapleural pressure.

Alveolar collapse in pneumothorax is caused by the negative pressure of the intrapleural space.

Accumulation of air in the pleural sac induce alveolar collapse.

Elastic recoil is equal and opposite in direction to the alveolar pressure.

Compliance and elastic recoil maintain the alveolar stability by opposing each other.

Compliance is a property that depends on the elastic tissue of the lungs and it decreases with age.

Compliance is increased in both lung fibrosis and emphysema.

Surface tension increase is responsible for the compliance of lung tissue.

Increase in surface tension is associated with increase and elastic recoil of the lung tissue.

Surfactants decrease elastic recoil.

The concentration of lung surfactants is higher in alveoli with smaller radius.

The change in lung volume during inflation and deflation is caused by the surface tension at the air and pulmonary fluids interface.

The area of the hysteresis loop in the inflation-deflation lung curve will increase by eliminating the surface tension.

The elastic recoil of the lungs and the chest wall are in opposite directions.

The compliance of the lung is minimal near the vital capacity.

Elastic recoil is a measure of the distensibility of the lungs.

The volume of forced air in the tidal breath is higher that that of the FVC.

FEV1 is a measure of the volume of inhaled air after 1 second.

TLC is the most widely used maneuver in spirometry.

Tidal volume is the sum of FVC and RV.

Residual volume is essential for the alveolar stability.

The NANC nervous supply to the lungs includes nitro oxide.

The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood and are very close to the upper respiratory airways.

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood and is close to the upper respiratory airways.

The total surface area increases with the increase in airway generation.

Laminar air flow exists in medium sized bronchi while turbulent air flow exists in terminal respiratory units.

Both type I and II alveolar cells secrete surface active agents.

Interstitial cells exist in the space between the alveoli and the blood capillaries.

Alveolar macrophages are part of the innate immune response in the lungs.

The higher the airway generation, the higher the surface area.

The trachea and cartilaginous bronchi represent the very late airway generations.