The separation of an excessively wet or or overvibrated concrete mix into horizontal layers with increasingly lighter material migrating toward the top

The emergence of excess mixing water on the surface of newly placed concrete, caused by settlement of solids within the mass. Also called water gain.

A milky deposit containing cement and aggregate fines on the surface of new concrete, caused by the bleeding of excess mixing water, overworking of the mix, or improper finishing

The process of leveling, smoothing, compacting, and treating a newly placed concrete surface to produce the desired texture and appearance

A wooden or metal straightedge drawn over a newly placed concrete slab to bring it to proper level

A firmly established grade strip or edge form serving as a guide for making a true level surface on a newly placed concrete slab

A flat tool for spreading and smoothing a fresh concrete, stucco, or plaster surface

A long wooden or metal straightedge for smoothing a fresh concrete surface immediately after screeding

Any of various flat-bladed hand tools for applying, spreading, working, or smoothing plastic material, such as concrete, mortar, and plaster

A float having a large, flat blade attached to a long handle

A portable machine having steel trowels mounted on radial arms that rotate about a vertical shaft to smooth, compact, and finish a fresh concrete surface

A trowel having a long, curved lip for rounding the edges of a fresh concrete slab as it begins to set

A wheel-mounted, rotary power saw equipped with a silicon-carbide or diamond blade for cutting a control joint in a hardened concrete slab

The assumption of a rigid or hard state by concrete, mortar, plaster, or glue due to a physical or chemical change

To maintain newly placed concrete or mortar at the required temperature and humidity for the first seven days following placement, casting, or finishing to ensure satisfactory hydration of the cementitious materials and proper hardening

The heat generated by the process of hydration, as during the setting and curing of a concrete mix

The process in which a substance combines chemically with water, as that occurring when cement is mixed with water

Exposed concrete required special care in the selection of materials, forming, placing, and finishing to acquire the desired appearance

A colored finish produced by sprinkling a dry mixture of cement, sand, and a pigment on a fresh concrete surface following screeding and after any free water has evaporated, and then working the mixture into the surface with a float

Concrete left in its natural state after formwork is removed, esp. when the concrete surface reflects the texture, joints, and fasteners of a board form

A fine-textured finish obtained by smoothing a fresh concrete, plaster, or stucco surface with a wood float

A striated finish obtained by stroking a broom or stiff brush over a freshly troweled concrete surface

A decorative finish produced by sandblasting, etching with an acid, or scrubbing a concrete surface after the initial set in order to remove the outer layer of cement paste and expose the aggregate

A coarse-textured finish obtained by fracturing a concrete or stone surface with a power-driven hammer having a rectangular head with a corrugated, serrated, or toothed face

A textured finish given to a fresh plaster or concrete surface by troweling with a circular, overlapping motion

A dense, smooth finish obtained by working a fresh concrete or plaster surface with a steel trowel

Voids on a formed concrete surface, caused by segregation during placement or by insufficient consolidation

The chipping or scaling of a hardened concrete or masonry surface caused by freeze-thaw cycles or the application of deicing salts. Also called scaling.

Numerous hairline cracks occurring n the surface of a newly hardened concrete slab as a result of rapid drying shrinkage

A reduction in volume of concrete, mortar, or plaster caused by a loss of moisture

A reduction in volume of concrete prior to its final set, caused by hydration of the cement paste