Cranial nerve X. Sensation and movement of the throat. Sensory and motor for thoracic and abdominal organs.

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Process of chewing, during which the teeth and tongue together tear, crush, and grind food.

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Process by which undigested food fiber and water are removed from the body in the act of a bowel movement.

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Alternate name for mouth.

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Structure that attaches the lower side of the

tongue to the gum.

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Teeth that erupt during childhood from age 6 months to 2 years. Also called the milk teeth, baby teeth, or primary teeth.

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Molecules that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in cells- particularly important in the breakdown and synthesis of biological molecules.

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Specific salivary amylase that converts starches to simple sugars.

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The largest teeth, located posterior to the premolars. They crush and grind food on their large, flat, occlusal surfaces.

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Fibers that hold the root of the tooth in place.

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Glossy, thick white layer that covers the crown of the tooth and is the hardest substance in the body.

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White patches in the mouth commonly seen in snuff and chewing tobacco users that is a precursor to oral cancer.

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An inflammation of the mouth that can include the lips, tongue, and mucous membranes.

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Middle portion of the throat just behind the oral cavity. It begins at the level of the soft palate and ends at the epiglottis.

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Muscular ring at the beginning of the esophagus.

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Deep folds in the gastric mucosa.

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Narrowing canal of the stomach just before it joins the duodenum.

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Mixed food and digestive juices in the stomach and small intestine.

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Specialized cells that secrete pepsinogen.

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First part of the small intestine. It secretes cholecystokinin, a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder and pancreas to release bile and digestive enzymes.

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A combination of symptoms caused by a backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus.

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An ulcer occurring in the lower end of the esophagus, in the stomach, or in the duodenum.

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Second part of the small intestine.

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Third portion of small intestine which is attached to the

large intestine.

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Substance, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, that emulsifies fat.

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Hormone released by the duodenum when it receives food from the stomach. It causes the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release its digestive enzymes.

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The lymph vessel associated with villi in the small intestine. It is involved in absorption of nutrients from the small intestine.

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Milk-like substance formed from digested and absorbed fats.

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The longest part of the large intestine.

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A condition of gas production as a result of bacteria action in the large intestine.

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Inflammation and infection of the appendix.

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An inflammatory condition of the diverticulum of the intestinal tract, especially in the colon, that can lead to pain, fever, and weight loss.

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Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity.

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Small organ that provides bile for digestion.

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Acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder usually because of gallstones.

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A chronic liver disease that exhibits liver scarring, loss of normal liver architecture and function, often caused by alcoholism and chronic viral hepatitis

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Ejection through the mouth of the contents of the

gastrointestinal tract.

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Decrease in the frequency of defecation accompanied by difficult or incomplete passage of stool.

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Eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat, classified as a psychiatric disorder.

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Narrowing of the esophagus that makes the flow of fluids and food difficult. May be due to GERD.

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Protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm and extending into the thoracic cavity; reflux is a common symptom. More common in women, incidence increases with age.

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Discharge of purulent material from dental tissue.

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Form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the ileum and/or colon. Also called regional ileitis/enteritis.

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Disturbance in the functions of the intestine from unknown causes; often seen in young to middle-age females. May be stress related; may also be due to laxative abuse or irritating foods.

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Inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract; caused by a variety of diseases and disorders of the pancreas or gallbladder.

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Ulceration of the mucous membranes of the colon; cause is unknown, but UC tends to run in families; belongs to a group of conditions known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

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This is a condition as a result of a congenital deformity or a foreign body in which the bowel twists on itself and causes an obstruction. Painful and requires immediate surgery.

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