According to Solomon, Aristotle discussed anger in some detail, and he believed:

According to Solomon, the Stoics believed that emotions:

David Hume and Adam Smith both felt strongly about the impact of what they called "the moral sentiments" foremost of which is sympathy and they argued:

Kant reinforced the crucial distinction between reason and what he called "the inclinations" (emotions, moods, and desires) and he dismissed emotions (including the moral sentiments) as inessential to morals

Nietzsche anticipated the global skepticism and conceptual chaos of the 20th century and like Freud, Nietzsche celebrated the darker, instinctual, less rational motives of the human mind

Kant was against the grounding ethics on something as fleeting as human feelings, and he believed "the inclinations" were to be dismissed as intrusive and disruptive

Nietzsche did not place much value on emotion relative to reason, and condemned the passions, describing them as upsetting and distracting one from proper thinking

Zajonc (1980) argues that in order to have a simple affective response, cognition is:

Zajonc consider affect to be:

We think of a true emotional state of comprising the following three components:

There is little of no real evidence to support the notion that cognition follows affect, all of the evidence suggests that cognition is necessary for even a simple affective response

Most theorist define _____ as diffuse and unfocused, whereas _____ are seen as being more focused, and as specific reactions or responses to goal-related events.

Features that can combine more readily with cognitive stimuli in perception and thereby allows us to form cognitive responses and thoughts are described by Zajonc as:

The definition of motivation (as opposed to simple affect or emotion) is:

Who described the passions as having more reason than reason

Emotions differ from moods in that emotions:

According to James Dillard, the primary function of affect is to:

Dillard asserts that ____ evolved because it enabled successful interaction with the environment

Dillard maintains that most important environment in terms of the evolution of human beings, has been:

Dillard also maintains the nature of emotional behaviors has evolved in the presence and service of:

One of Dillard's major assumptions is that, for better or worse, human beings ____ their affective states

Dillard notes that accurate evaluations and judgements of environmental changes are not simple tasks. There is a basic problem of how we are to respond, and essentially, we have only two behavioral options (and thus, only two corresponding motivations) which are:

Dillard maintains that our tonic (or baseline) state as a physical organism is determined by:

_____ lack a specific target (ie. are less focused) and tend to last longer than emotions

To deal with anticipated social interactions we rely primarily on ____ whereas to deal with unanticipated social interactions, we rely primarily on _____

Zajonc maintained that inferences based on nonverbal cues are primarily inferences about

Darwin believed human beings descended from separate progenitors (ie. not from common ancestors) because different races sprang from different geographical locales

Random releases of undirected energy, such as nervous twitches and movement in the extremities results in emotional expressions that Darwin explained by his principle of:

Darwin explained the fact that opposing states such as strength and weaknesses (eg. throwing back your head in confidence while spreading your arms vs. shrugging your shoulders) will be associated with opposing expressions with his principle of:

The tendency for expressive behaviors that have been reinforced in the past, such as furrowed brows or exposed teeth, to re-occur in the future was explained by Darwin's principle of:

On the bus to class, you make eye contact with another person. As soon as you do, the other person drops his gaze, ducks his head, and hunches his shoulders. What emotion is the person feeling?

Cultural variation in facial expression of emotions has been found between individualistic and collectivistic cultures. For example:

Cultural variation in facial expression of emotions has been found between individualists and collectivistic cultures. For example:

When single emotions occur and there is no reason for them to be modified or concealed, facial expressions typically last:

Facial expressions of emotion involve:

Which are the more ancient facial expressions; that is, which were acquired or formed at the earlier time in our evolution?

Darwin argued that if facial expressions were indeed universal, then the same principles would explain their development for all people, regardless of race, which would provide evidence of common descent (ie. that we all came from common ancestors)

Although nowadays Darwin's notion of the continuity of the species is taken for granted by the general public, it is not widely accepted by biologists or social scentists

Darwin believed that the barking of dogs is remarkable because barking was acquired in the relatively short time since dogs were domesticated; however, he did not believe that barking serves to express their various emotions and desires

Darwin believed that human facial muscles were developed and modified exclusively for the sake of expression

Darwin believed most true or inherited (ie evolved) movement of facial expression:

Darwin believed that once an inherited movement of expression was acquired (eg screaming), it eventually became voluntarily and consciously used as a means of communication

Darwin believed dogs can tell the difference between friendly and threatening gestures and tones; and they seem to recognize a caring attitude; but they cannot truly understand of necessarily recognize a human smile or laugh

Darwin believed that virtually all humans can recognize the difference between a true smile and a false smile, and although our knowledge of how we can tell is vague and general, we nevertheless can state explicitly what the differences are between the two smiles

Darwin believed that although we can indeed recognize the difference between a true smile and a false smile, we cannot necessarily state what the specific differences between the two smiles are, therefore our ability to discern those difference must be innate (ie instinctive)

Darwin argued that our expressions of emotion are:

In the last thirty years systematic research using quantitative methods has tested Darwin's ideas about universality of expression, and for the most part, theorists now:

On the shedding of tears, Darwin argued that weeping appears to have originated

Which of the following would Darwin argue developed most recently in humans?

Schachter and Singer demonstrated that an individual in a state of arousal for which s/he has a completely satisfactory explanation, will:

Schachter and Singer demonstrated that an individual in a state of arousal for which s/he does not have a satisfactory explanation will:

We think of a true emotional state as comprising the following three components:

Features that can combine more readily with affective stimuli in perception and thereby allow us to form affective responses and reactions are described by Zajonc as:

The Schachter and Singer experiment manipulated which of the following emotions:

According to Schachter and Singer, what two components must be present for affect labeling to occur?

Darwin recognized that instinctive gestures are _____, whereas symbolic gestures are _____.

Who described the passions as having more reason than reason?

According to emotion theorists, which of the following is not a discrete human emotion:

Passion is not a discrete emotion, it would be more acutely described as primarily made of:

Emotions are influenced by:

The order of the common sense model of emotions is

The order of the James/Lange model of emotions is

The order of Schachter and Singer's model of emotion is

The cowboy syndrome suggests that men "should" be ______

The ________ sterotype suggests that women "should" be compassionate and caring

According to Tangney et al. (1996) shame-prone individuals make constructive use of their anger because shame-prone individuals tend to have more of a capacity for interpersonal empathy than guilt-prone individuals.

According to Tangney et al. guilt-prone individuals make constructive use of their anger because guilt-prone individuals tend to be better able to take direct action when faced with difficult situations

Shame may be referred as the "ugly" emotion because it tends to bring out the worst side of people.

Shame tends to be more emotionally distressing and painful than all other emotions

According to Tangney et al. when college students experience shame, it is rarely accompanied by anger arousal

According to Tangney et al, when people experience guilt, they have a tendency to blame other for negative events

According to Tangney et al, when people experience shame, it is likely to be accompanied by very direct expressions of hostility

The German term _____, similar to gloating, means to feel malicious joy or satisfaction in the misfortunes of others

Anger is the only emotion where there is never a positive outcome

Self-evaluation emotions based on comparisons to personal standards and goals, as well as moral values taught by the social environment, include all of the following emotions EXCEPT:

In distinguishing embarrassment from shame, research would suggest that ______ can almost never be experienced in private, and _______ is/are usually thought of as being entirely public emotion(s).

Tangney argues that across individuals of all ages, proneness to guilt is associated with

Canary et al. (1998) suggests there may be a direct casual connection between anger and aggression, although others, such as Torestad (1990) argue for a weaker anger-aggression link, suggesting that aggression often occurs without anger, and instrumental anger can occur without aggression

Tangney suggests that when college students experience shame, it's often accompanied by anger arousal expressed directly at whoever is felt to be the cause of the shame

According to Averill (1993), anger is one of the most frequently experienced emotions; however, we often have difficulty deciding when we are angry or understanding when others are angry at us, and when asked to state what we mean by anger, we are often at a loss of words

Anger and its expression do not necessarily result in aggression

Tangney argues that across individuals of all ages, proneness to guilt is associated with

According to Canary et al. (1998), infants do not directly communicate anger until they are at least six to eight month old.

Ortony, Clore, and Collins (1998) define anger as an event-related emotion, which means it must be directed at a human agent that one deems to be blameworhty

When anger is associated with the agency and actions of another person, it can be very intense and often and negative outcomes

Anger sometimes leads to positive outcomes such as the redress of grievances, emotional ventilation, and catharsis; however it pretty much always results in reduced emotional closeness and a lack of shared understanding

Canary et al. note than anger represents a basic emotional response on which communication scholars distinctly agree about both its fundamental nature, as well as what causes it various form

Generally, because the subjective experience of anger is always negatively valenced and conductive to aggression, its effect is rarely energizing and almost never invigorating

At low levels of physiological arousal, anger reduces cognitive capacity, hinders systematic information processing, and discourages analytical thinking

Although there are several issues issues with anger under scholarly dispute (ie upon which theorist do not agree), the status of anger as a co-occurring emotion is undeniable, because it follows or accompanies other emotions such as shame, guilt, jealousy, resentment, and especially fear.

According to _______, anyone can get angry, which is easy. However, to be angry at the right thing, to the proper extent, at the appropriate moment, with the correct motive, and in the right way, that is not so easy

When poorly controlled, anger can:

Canary et. al (1998) note how "uncontrollable anger" represents the most common motive for women - and the second most common motive for men (after self-defense)- regarding the use of violence

Torestad argued that anger and aggression rarely act independently: That is, one can rarely experience anger without behaving aggressively (whether verbally or physically), and one can rarely act aggressively without being angry

Likewise, Canary et al. (1998). note how anger often prompts aggression, and in fact, anger appears to be a necessary condition for distressed people to behave aggressively.

When people are able to cope effectively with their anger, it can lead to a number of positive outcomes, including:

When controlled with effective coping strategies, anger can lead to positive outcomes such as

Tangney argues that across individuals of all ages, proneness to shame is associated with