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WorksheetsChapter 14 Trivia
Total questions: 46
Worksheet time: 37mins
Which is NOT an example of how antimicrobials have been used historically?
Beer was made by fermenting a tetracycline-producing bacteria.
Indian and Chinese herbalist used plants with antibiotic properties.
Many cultures have taken advantage of antimicrobial properties of fungi.
Ancient Greeks isolated penicillin from a mold to treat wounds.
What disease was the first to be cured using a systemically identified chemical agent called Compound 606?
influenza
syphilis
tuberculosis
pneumonia
What was the first natural antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming?
rifampin
tetracycline
penicillin
ampicillin
Which is NOT one of the natural antibiotics isolated from soil by Selman Waksman?
actinomycin
streptomycin
amoxicillin
neomycin
What was the first synthetic antibiotic, which was developed by Gerhard Domagk and colleagues?
sulfanilamide
methicillin
vancomycin
polymyxin
What is the source of many of the world’s natural antibiotics in use today?
soil
human gut
tropical plants
aquatic organisms
Which of the following is most important when deciding to treat with a bacteriostatic versus bactericidal drug?
whether the drug can be administered orally or intravenously
whether the drug is natural or synthetic
whether the pathogen is gram-positive or gram-negative
whether the patient has a strong immune system
When would a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial be used?
for a polymicrobic infection
when the infecting pathogen has been identified
to prevent infection during surgery
when the pathogen has developed resistance to a broad-spectrum antibiotic
What is a major risk associated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials?
superinfections
heart failure
neurotoxicity
cancer
What is a common reason to use an antibiotic with a shorter half-life?
To minimize side effects of a particular drug
To decrease the number of doses needed per day
To allow the drug to be taken orally
To more effectively treat a chronic infection
What type of drug is more effective when taken in smaller doses over a long period of time?
dose-dependent drug
chronic drug
time-dependent drug
acute drug
Which route of administration achieves the quickest response time and highest plasma levels?
topical
oral
intramuscular
intravenous
When might oral administration of a drug be ineffective?
when the patient has been vomiting
when low levels of drugs are needed over a long time period
when the drug tends to be toxic at higher plasma levels
when the patient has kidney dysfunction
What is an example of a synergistic drug interaction?
an antibiotic decreases the effectiveness of a contraceptive
an antacid blocks absorption of a drug into the GI
two antibiotics are bactericidal in combination but bacteriostatic individually
two drugs have reduced effectiveness when used together
What is selective toxicity?
An antibiotic kills/inhibits growth of bacteria without harming the host.
An antibiotic is more effective against gram+ than gram- bacteria.
An antibiotic is toxic to the host at only high concentrations.
An antibiotic only works under certain environmental conditions.
How do β-lactams inhibit cell wall synthesis?
block export of peptidoglycans out of cell
block crosslinking of peptidoglycans
block assembly of glucose units into cellulose
block synthesis of glucose units needed for cellulose synthesis
Would Gram+ or Gram- bacteria be more sensitive to drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis?
Gram +
Gram -
What step in cell wall synthesis is blocked by glycopeptides?
export of peptidoglycan units from the cell
crosslinking of peptides between peptidoglycan units
addition of peptides to NAM units
assembly of NAG and NAM units
What step in cell wall synthesis is blocked by bacitracin?
export of peptidoglycan units from the cell
crosslinking of peptides between peptidoglycan units
addition of peptides to NAM units
assembly of NAG and NAM units
How are protein synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics selectively toxic?
The eukaryotic RNA polymerase is structurally different from prokaryotic.
Eukaryotes do not need to synthesize proteins.
The eukaryotic ribosome is structurally different from prokaryotic.
Eukaryotes use a completely different mechanism to synthesize proteins.
Which bacteria are more effectively targeted by inhibitors of membrane function?
Gram +
Gram -
What enzyme is the target of fluoroquinolones?
RNA polymerase
Transpeptidase
DNA polymerase
DNA gyrase
Which is NOT a type of antibiotic often used to treat tuberculosis?
RNA synthesis inhibitor
mycolic acid synthesis inhibitor
ATP synthase inhibitor
folic acid synthesis inhibitor
How do sulfonamides and trimethoprim work as bacteriostatic agents?
block DNA replication
block cell wall synthesis
block folic acid synthesis
block ATP synthesis
Why is it difficult to find or develop antimicrobials against fungi, protozoa, and helminths?
There are fewer targets for selective toxicity.
There are fewer drugs that can damage them.
They are more resilient than prokaryotes.
They are too complicated to design effective drugs.
What molecule is the most common target of antifungal drugs?
DNA gyrase
chitin
peptidoglycan
ergosterol
Which biomolecule is a common target of antifungal drugs?
chitin
peptidoglycan
cellulose
keratin
How does flucytosine, a pyrimidine analog, inhibit the growth of fungi?
interferes with DNA replication
blocks mitochondrial function
interferes with microtubule spindle formation
blocks chitin synthesis
Which is an antifungal target that functions in cell division?
ergosterol
kDNA
β(1→3) glucans
microtubules
Which drug interferes with the electron transport chain in both fungal and protozoan mitochondria?
fluoroquinolone
atovaquone
penicillin
acyclovir
Which is NOT a mechanism used by antiprotozoan drugs?
produce ROS that damage macromolecules
inhibit folic acid synthesis
blocks electron transport chain
interferes with ergosterol synthesis
What structure is unique to trypanosomes (a type of protozoa) and is a good selectively toxic target?
kinetoplasts (kDNA)
mitotic spindles
β(1→3) glucans
DNA gyrase
Which is NOT a mechanism of action of antihelminthic drugs?
blocks neuronal transmission
inhibits oxidative phosphorylation
prevents mycolic acid synthesis
causes an influx of calcium
Avermectins, which are neurotoxic to helminths, ultimately kill them through which mechanism?
cause the worms to swell and burst
cause paralysis and starvation
blocks cellular respiration
creates breaks in DNA that kill individual cells
Which drug is would be effective against protozoa, fungi, viruses, and cancer cells?
pentamidine, which cleaves kDNA
avermectins, which block neuronal transmission
nikkomycin, which blocks chitin synthesis
benzimidazoles, which interfere with microtubule function
Which is NOT a factor that allows microorganisms to acquire drug resistance
inappropriate use or overuse of antimicrobials
subtherapeutic dosing
allowing patient immune systems to fight minor infections without drugs
patient noncompliance with completing treatment
What is an example of resistance through drug modification?
decrease in the amount of porin for carbapenem entry
glycosylation of rifampin blocks binding to target
adding a chemical group to RNA polymerase
the microbe produces a molecule that mimics DNA structure
Which is NOT a way in which a cell can limit the amount of drug reaching its intracellular target?
breaking down the cell wall
decreasing the number of porin channels
increasing the number of efflux pumps
changes in outer membrane lipid composition
What is a very common mechanism of resistance that can be easily achieved by spontaneous mutations?
drug inactivation
enzymatic bypass
target modification
prevention of cellular uptake
What is a mechanism of resistance to antimicrobials that target metabolic pathways?
Cross-linkage in the cell wall is decreased.
The microbe overproduces the target enzyme.
The microbe improves DNA repair pathways.
Efflux pumps in the cell membrane are increased.
What is an example of target mimicry?
decrease in the amount of porin for carbapenem entry
glycosylation of rifampin blocks binding to target
adding a chemical group to RNA polymerase
the microbe produces a molecule that is similar in structure to DNA
What is a “superbug”?
a microbe with resistance to multiple antimicrobials
a microbe the grows at an extremely elevated rate
a very large microbe
a microbe that spreads between people easily
What does cross-resistance mean?
A microbe has multiple mechanisms of resistance to one antimicrobal.
Two microbes are resistant to the same antimicrobial.
One mechanism allows resistance to multiple antimicrobials.
An antimicrobial can affect both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
By what mechanism has MRSA become resistant to methicillin?
acquisition a PBP with low-affinity to β-lactams
structural change to the peptide component of peptidoglycans
production of a β-lactamase enzyme
active efflux of carbapenems out of the cell
Which is NOT one of the clinically relevant vancomycin-resistant strains?
VISA
VRE
VRSA
VIE
Which is NOT a drug that ESBLs are resistant to?
monobactams
cephalosporins
carbapenems
penicillins
