What are the functions of the organs in the CNS?

Which nervous system contains the spinal nerves and cranial nerves?

What are the functions of the PNS?

Nerve fibers that carry information from the sensory receptors (including cutaneous sense organs in the skin, and proprioceptors in muscles and tendons) TO the CNS:

Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands) and/or viscera:

The motor (efferent) division has 2 subdivisions. Which part is voluntary- consciously controls skeletal muscles?

The motor (efferent) division has 2 subdivisions. Which part is involuntary: automatically controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands; further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Support cells in the CNS are grouped together as ________.

Nervous tissue is made up of two principal cell types. What are they?

Which cell type is the most abundant and versatile neuroglia?

Microglia are phagocytes that defend CNS cells.

Where can the CNS glial cell type ependymal cells be found?

Where can the CNS glial cell type oligodendrocyte be found?

PNS glial cells- Schwann cells:

PNS glial cells- Satellite cells:

Which region of the neurons (nerve cells) include the nucleus and metabolic center of the cell?

Which region of the neurons (nerve cells) include the fibers that extend from the cell body?

Neurons- processes- which part of the processes conduct impulses toward the cell body? *may have hundreds of these

Neurons- processes- which part conducts impulses away from the cell body?

Neurons- processes- which part is the gap between axon terminals and the next neuron?

Neurons- processes- which part is the functional junction between nerves where a nerve impulse is transmitted?

What is the following definition of? White, fatty material covering axons, protects and insulates fibers, speeds nerve impulse transmission

What 2 cell types utilize or produce myelin sheaths?

Neuron terminology: clusters of bodies in the CNS

Neuron terminology: collections of cell bodies outside the CNS in the PNS

Neuron terminology: bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS

Neuron terminology: bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS

Neuron terminology: collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)

Neuron terminology: mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies

What are interneurons (associated neurons) and what do they do?

In the functional properties of neurons, _________ is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse.

In the functional properties of neurons, ________ is the ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

How is a nerve impulse generated? What is the beginning "step" of the process?

When a nerve pulse is being generated, what happens during action potential initiation and generation?

If enough sodium enters the cell, the action potential (nerve impulse) starts and is propagated over the entire axon. What is this step of nerve impulse generation called?

Do fibers with myelin sheaths conduct nerve impulses faster than without?

Nerve impulse: membrane permeability changes again becoming impermeable to Na+ ions and permeable to K+ ions. K+ ions rapidly diffuse out of the neuron, involves restoring the inside of the membrane to a negative charge and the outer surface to a positive charge, initial conditions of Na+ and K+ ions are restored using the sodium-potassium pump which uses ATP, 3 Na+ ions are ejected from the cell and 2 K+ ions are returned to the cell, until this phase is completed a neuron cannot conduct another nerve impulse

Put these steps in the correct order for signal transmission at the synapse: 1. Ion channel opens 2. Ion channel closes 3. Action potential arrives 4. Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft 5. Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane 6. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor on receiving neuron's membrane

Traumatic brain injury: slight brain injury, typically little permanent brain damage occurs

Traumatic brain injury: marked nervous tissue destruction occurs, coma may occur

Traumatic brain injuries: death may occur after head blows due to which of the following?

What results when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked and brain tissue dies?

What is characterized by temporary brain ischemia (restriction of blood flow) and numbness, temporary paralysis, and impaired speech?

What is characterized by one-sided paralysis?

What is caused by damage to the speech center in the left hemisphere?

What is defined as "increase in brain volume due to an increase in water content?"

Which type of brain edema is most common and results from increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier?

Which type of brain edema is characterized by intracellular swelling due to increased cellular concentration of osmotically active solutes, affects both gray and white matter, often a complication of hypoxia/ischemia because of failure of the ATP-dependent sodium pump in affected cells?

Which type of brain edema is characterized by an accumulation of CSF in extracellular spaces of periventricular white matter, usually results from obstructed flow of CSF, volume of periventricular white matter reduced, and many be reversible by shunting?

What disease state has autoantibodies that bind acetylcholine receptors on motor end plates of muscle, block the normal binding of acetylcholine and induce complement-mediated lysis which results in progressive weakening of skeletal muscles. Treatment for this is aimed at increasing acetylcholine levels, decreasing antibody production and/or removing antibodies?

What is a plexus?

How many plexuses are there?

Select the plexuses from the choices below:

The ANS has a chain of 2 motor neurons called:

What is the sympathetic division also known as?

Preganglionic neurons originate from T1 though L2- axons pass through a __________________ to enter a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

After synapsing at the ganglion, the axon may synapse with a second neuron at the same or different level (role of ganglia is to provide a gateway to effect multiple organ systems and/or an entire organ system based on signals from the brain through preganglionic nerve fibers.) Alternatively, the preganglionic neuron may pass through the ganglion without synapsing and form part of the splanchnic nerves.

What do parasympathetic fibers release?

What do sympathetic postganglionic fibers release?

What do preganglionic axons of both divisions of the ANS release?

What is another name for parasympathetic fibers?

What is another name for sympathetic fibers?

G-protein coupled receptor/serpentine/7-membrane spanning receptor

Multisubunit channel (made up of multiple peptides/proteins, ligand gated ion channel (non-selective cation channel), depending on how the subunits are arranged or included, different cations may may use the channel.

Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (E)

Acetylcholine

Which ANS division is considered the "fight or flight" division, meaning a response to unusual stimulus when emotionally or physically stressed or threatened?

Sympathetic division takes over to increase activities. The "E" division.

Which ANS division is considered the "housekeeping" or "rest-and-digest" system?

Which ANS division maintains daily necessary body functions such as digestion, defecation, and diuresis?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have the same effects, therefore when PNS is "on" SNS is also "on."

Norepinephrine stimulates alpha and beta receptors of the effector cell but also binds to alpha and beta receptors on parasympathetic termini which inhibits the release of Ach.

ACh release stimulates cholinergic receptors on the effector cells but also binds to cholinergic receptors on sympathetic termini to stimulate release of NE.

Do beta blockers lower blood pressure?

Severe congenital brain diseases include: hydrocephalus- abnormal increase in the intracranial volume of CSF associated with dilation of the ventricular system.

Brain mass declines with age. Why?