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WorksheetsUnit 5 - Implementing Algorithms Review
Total questions: 86
Worksheet time: 1hrs 18mins
A problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.
Heuristic
Hexadecimal
algorithm
metadata
Data that describes other data. For example, a digital image may include ________ that describe the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution.
Heuristic
Hexadecimal
algorithm
metadata
A measure of how many steps are needed to complete an algorithm.
Problem
Algorithm
Pseudocode
Efficiency
Any algorithm whose efficiency includes a n2, n3, n4 … is called ___________.
Problem
Polynomial
Pseudocode
Efficiency
Any algorithm whose efficiency includes an 2n, 3n, 4n
… is called ______________.
Problem
Polynomial
Exponential
Efficiency
Algorithms with a polynomial efficiency or lower (constant, linear, square, cube, etc.) are said to run in a reasonable amount of time.
Reasonable Time
Unreasonable Time
Algorithms with exponential or factorial efficiencies are examples of algorithms that run in an unreasonable amount of time.
Reasonable Time
Unreasonable Time
Provides a "good enough" solution to a problem when an actual solution is impractical or impossible.
Heuristic
Undecidable Problem
Unreasonable Time
Reasonable Time
A problem for which no algorithm can be constructed that is always capable of providing a correct yes-or-no answer.
Heuristic
Undecidable Problem
Unreasonable Time
Reasonable Time
The time used to complete a task sequentially divided by the time to complete a task in parallel
Sequential Computing
Parallel Computing
Distributed Computing
Speedup
Programs are broken into small pieces, some of which are run simultaneously.
Sequential Computing
Parallel Computing
Distributed Computing
Speedup
Programs run in order, one command at a time.
Sequential Computing
Parallel Computing
Distributed Computing
Speedup
Which comes first, the model or the simulation?
The two are unrelated and can be created in any order.
They are created at the same time because they are pretty much the same thing.
The model is created first because a simulation needs models to run.
Why do scientists use models?
To test many possible ideas to find solutions to difficult questions.
So that the object they are looking at can become real.
So they can have a smaller object to look at.
Why do we use simulations?
To create virtual reality games.
So people can learn something.
To test an idea in a controlled environment.
All of the above.
What is a simulation and why are they used?
A simulation is a giant model in motion for a test.
A simulation uses one or more models to imitate how those models might function in a real life situation.
A simulation tests a hypothesis with 100% accuracy.
Models can be helpful in scientific investigations because
it may not be possible to work with the real thing.
they can be smaller and more manageable than the real thing.
they can be safer to work with than the real thing.
all of the above
If one site fails in distributed system then ___________
a) the remaining sites can continue operating
b) all the sites will stop working
c) directly connected sites will stop working
d) none of the mentioned
In order to search through very large data sets, computer programs are created to analyze the data. These programs search for patterns in the data.
Which of the following is NOT a scenario in which you would need this type of computer program to search for patterns involving multiple variables?
An online clothing store needs to analyze the products that customers are viewing and suggest other items they might be interested in.
A video hosting site needs to analyze the views for all videos and create a list of the top ten most viewed videos.
A credit card company needs to analyze data to ensure that they can identify fraudulent charges and freeze the credit card before more damage can be done.
A grocery store needs to analyze the items purchased by customers and print out coupons for items they may also be interested in.
What is data?
I. Computer readable information
II. Information collected about the physical world
III. Programs that process images
IV. Graphs and charts
II and IV
I and II
I, II, and IV
I, II, III, and IV
Which of the following statements is NOT a benefit of using computers to process data?
People can use computers to find patterns in data and make predictions
Computers help people visualize data so that it is easy to extract useful information
Websites can spy on people and gather large amounts of personal data without the user knowing
Computers are able to easily process, manipulate, and display large amounts of data in a short amount of time
Which of the following statements is true about data visualizations?
Visualizing data has only been possible since computers have become widespread.
Visualizations take many forms, from tables to charts to images.
There is always one exact visualization that should be used to show a particular aspect of a dataset.
The only way to extract information from data is by using a visualization.
In which of the following would a chart BEST help to accomplish the accompanying task described?
You want to track the number of times you say “hello” today
Your school wants to track how many people attend the football games over time throughout the school year
You are trying to figure out what happens when different colors are mixed
You need instructions on how to bake a cake
What is misleading about this visualization?
The Y Axis is upside down, so larger values are at the bottom and smaller values are at the top
The Y Axis is truncated and not labeled, making the larger bar appear 4 times as large as the smaller bar when it’s really only a 7% increase
The chart is omitting data from 2010
The chart makes it seem like more people working full time causes more people to be on welfare, when really the two might not be related.
Which of the following statements are true about using visualizations to display a dataset?
I. Visualizations are visually appealing, but don’t help the viewer understand relationships that exist in the data
II. Visualizations like graphs, charts, or visualizations with pictures are useful for conveying information, while tables just filled with text are not useful.
III. Patterns that exist in the data can be found more easily by using a visualization
I and II
II and III
III only
I, II, and III
Shown here is the google search trend data for the search term “flu vaccine”. What can we reasonably concluded from this visualization?
Exactly 100 people had a flu vaccine in October 2009
The highest interest in flu vaccines occurs in October each year, and will likely continue to occur in October in future years
The highest number of flu infections happened in 2009
Taking vitamin B-12 can help reduce your risk of catching the flu
Which of the following are ways that data is collected about you:
I - Websites store data that tracks how you use the website
II - Websites store cookies in your browser so that the next time you visit the website things like your profile login and recent activity are saved
III - Some apps store geolocation information from your phone to track your location
IV - Transaction data is stored by credit card companies when you purchase things with a credit card
I only
II only
I, II, III, and IV
I, II, and IV
News reporting agencies often want to find the public’s opinion on current events. One particular agency is considering two different strategies to collect this data by collecting responses to online surveys. The two strategies are outlined below.
Strategy One:
1. Uses a database to store all of the survey responses
2. Stores some data as text and some data as numbers
3. Will track extra information about the survey taker that won’t be publicly visible
Strategy Two
1. Uses a single spreadsheet to store all of the survey responses
2. Stores all data as numbers
3. Will not track any information other than the survey responses
Which of the following statements is the most accurate comparison of these strategies?
Strategy One will make it easier to sort and filter the data, while Strategy Two will make it easier to graph the data
Strategy One will cause problems because of the mixed data types, while Strategy Two will make it very easy to find specific data.
Strategy One will allow the agency to conclude more about the public’s opinion because it tracks extra metadata, while Strategy Two will make it hard to find trends and access particular pieces of the data.
Strategy One will require less cleaning and manipulation of the data, while Strategy Two will require a significant amount of extra computation to use the data.
What type of graph shows change over time?
raw data with no connections and/or relationships among data detected - usually requires large amounts of storage
data collection
structured data
unstructured data
cloud computing
data that is organized in some fashion - uses relatively smaller storage
big data
structured data
unstructured data
cloud computing
data that is capable of being used -- data that has been processed so that it can be analyzed or used in its current form
curation of information
big data
usable data
useful data
someone can use the data to make predictions, describe some process or solve a problem
machine learning
big data
usable data
useful data
What is metadata?
loss in quality between copies of data (relates to analog data)
data can be used to make predictions or solve a problem
collection of data organized and retrieved in various ways between database tables
descriptive data about an image, web page, or other complex object
Selecting certain people to be interviewed is
Bias through selection and omission
Bias through placement
Bias through source control
Bias through crowd counts
from the picture, what kind of programming is it?
Traditional Programming
Machine Learning
Modern Programming
Traditional Learning
from the picture, what kind of programming is it?
Traditional Programming
Modern Programming
Machine Learning
Traditional Learning
Which of the following is not type of learning?
Semi-unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Supervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning
What type of machine learning algorithm makes predictions when you have a set of input data and you know the possible responses?
Unsupervised
Reinforcement
Supervised
Deep Learning
Bias is:
Error that results from inaccurate assumptions in model training
Error that occurs when the model is too sensitive to the training data
A time stamp indicates the date and time that a measurement was taken. A data scientist has a list containing 1,000 time stamps, sorted in chronological order. Which of the following is closest to the maximum number of values that will need to be examined when performing a binary search for a value in the list?
1
10
100
1000
A time stamp indicates the date and time that a measurement was taken. A data scientist has a list containing 500 time stamps, sorted in chronological order. Which of the following is closest to the maximum number of values that will need to be examined when performing a binary search for a value in the list?
2
5
9
10
Location data, time and the date, is captured from a tracker on ships, which one could NOT be answered with this Data?
How many miles were traveled in a week?
Does the ship sail to the same places other ships do?
What ports does the ship go to normally?
Does the ship change course to avoid the weather?
If you have similar data from many different sources, what might be the most likely challenge in combining data?
Computers can't combine different data
There's just too much data to handle
Data from different sources isn't formatted the same way
Not enough processing power
What problem might you have if you quiz someone on US states and want to autograde it accurately?
Typos/abbreviations
They might do it too slowly
They might use a fake state
They might not type anything at all
Which of the following would NOT be considered cleaning data.
Categorizing typed answers
Fixing typos / capitalization
Manipulating data so covid numbers look better
Removing invalid data
Removing outlier data
A school conducted a survey about how student get to school. Data shown in table.
Which column is data will likely be most difficult to visualize or analyze?
How Travel
How Long
Time Arrive
Biggest Challenges
By giving a computer lots of images of cancer cells and non cancer cells, so it can create an algorithm to detect cancer. This is an example of.
Crowdsourcing
Machine Learning
Data Cleaning
Metadata
a collection of data organized and retrieved in various ways between database tables
relational database
array
unstructured data
data collection
data that is capable of being used -- data that has been processed so that it can be analyzed or used in its current form
curation of information
big data
usable data
useful data
someone can use the data to make predictions, describe some process or solve a problem
machine learning
big data
usable data
useful data
DATA or Metadata?
Example: a financial record of donations to a charity.
check all that would be probable metadata in the record.
dollar amount of the contribution
method of contribution (check, cash, credit card)
name of person making donation
date of donation
how many donuts the charity orders each year.
DATA or Metadata?
Example: a list of popular websites
check all that would be probable metadata in the list.
url of the website
when the website first appeared
how many total visitors the website has had
how many visits the website has had in the last week
whether MR. Schlamann likes the website or not
DATA or Metadata?
Example: a log of phone calls on your phone
check all that would be probable metadata in the log.
phone number that was dialed
when the phone call was made
duration of the call
what was said during the call
whether the call was an incoming or outgoing call
DATA or Metadata?
Example: an image file
the geo Tag that stores where the picture was taken
data
metadata
Which of the following is true of algorithms?
Algorithms may have an infinite set of instructions
Algorithms must be expressed using a programming language
Every algorithm can be constructed using combinations of sequencing, selection, and iteration
Every problem can be solved with an algorithm
This graph shows the efficiencies of two different algorithms that solve the same problem. Which of the following is most efficient?
These algorithms are equally efficient
Algorithm A is more efficient than algorithm B
Algorithm B is more efficient than algorithm A
The algorithms have different efficiencies depending on the input size
A school is creating class schedules for its students. The students submit their requested courses and then a program will be designed to find the optimal schedule for all students.
The school has determined that finding the absolute best schedule cannot be solved in a reasonable time. Instead they have decided to use a simpler algorithm that produces a good but non-optimal schedule in a more reasonable amount of time.
Which principle does this decision best demonstrate?
Unreasonable algorithms may sometimes also be undecidable
Heuristics can be used to solve some problems for which no reasonable algorithm exists
Two algorithms that solve the same problem must also have the same efficiency
Approximate solutions are often identical to optimal solutions
Which of the following algorithmic efficiencies would be considered LEAST efficient?
Linear
Constant
Polynomial
Exponential
Which of the following best describes the existence of undecidable problems?
Undecidable problems are problems for which more than one algorithm solves the problem and computer scientists have not yet chosen the algorithm they believe is best
Undecidable problems are problems for which an algorithm can be written that will produce the same output for at least two possible inputs
Undecidable problems are problems for which an algorithm can be written that produces a correct output for all inputs but in an unreasonable time
An undecidable problem is a problem for which no algorithm can be constructed that always produces a correct output
Speedup is when programs run in order, one command at a time.
True
False
Sequential computing is a type of computation where many calculations are carried out simultaneously.
True
False
A computer scientist is analyzing four different algorithms used to sort a list. The table below shows the number of steps each algorithm took to sort lists of different sizes.
Based on the values in the table, which of the algorithms appear to run in reasonable time?
A
B
C
D
For which of the following situations would it be best to use a heuristic in order to find a solution that runs in a reasonable amount of time?
Appending a value to a list of n
elements, which requires no list elements be examined.
Finding the fastest route that visits every location among n
locations, which requires n!
possible routes be examined.
Performing a binary search for a score in a sorted list of n
scores, which requires that fewer than n
scores be examined.
Performing a linear search for a name in an unsorted database of n
people, which requires that up to n
entries be examined.
Which of the following companies uses algorithms in their software?
All of These
Which of the following is the correct formula for speedup?
speedup = parallel run timesequential run time
speedup = sequential run timeparallel run time
speedup = sequetntial run time ×parallel run time
speedup = parallel run time + sequential run time
True or False?
Parallel computing uses multiple computers, each containing multiple processors.
True
False
Which type of computing system will take as long as the sum of all the individual steps?
Distributed Computing
Parallel Computing
Multiple Computing
Sequential Computing
Parallel computing can consist of which types of components? (Select 2 answers)
Parallel components
Distributed components
Calcuolatory components
Sequential components
True or False?
In a parallel computing system, the process will take as long as the longest task.
True
False
Complex problems that take up a large amount of computer storage would best be solved by...?
Central processing units (CPU)
Distributed computing
Graphics processing units (GPU)
Parallel computing
A parallel computing system has two processors. What is the minimum amount of time to run the processes listed above?
30 seconds
40 seconds
60 seconds
70 seconds
Which types of computing can process more than 1 task at a time?
Distributed computing
Sequential computing
Parallel computing
Fill in the blank.
Most modern computers have _________.
No processors
A single processor
Multiple processors
A computer has a single CPU. How long does it take to execute the tasks listed above?
40 seconds
80 seconds
60 seconds
90 seconds
How long does a parallel computing solution take?
As long as all of the sequential tasks
The time of all the sequential tasks, plus the longest parallel task
The time of all the parallel tasks
The time of all the parallel tasks, plus the longest sequential task
A program running in series takes 20 seconds to scan 10 files for viruses. The same program running in parallel takes 2 seconds to scan 10 files. What is the speedup for the parallel program?
(a)
True or false?
The efficiency of parallel computing will always be limited by the sequential portion of the task.
True
False
