________, as applied to a neoplasm, implies that the lesion can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death. (invasion, rapid growth, loss of capsule, ability of spread [metastasis], anaplasia)

Most epithelial carcinomas spread through _________.

Most sarcomas (arising in the bones, connective tissue such as fat and muscle) spread through ___________.

Directly damage DNA, leading to mutations and eventually cancer

causes chromosome breakage, chromosome rearrangements, and, less frequently, point mutations, any of which may affect cancer genes and thereby drive carcinogenesis

HPV (cervical cancer), EBV (Burkett's lymphoma), HCB (hepatocellular carcinoma), H. Pylori (MALT lymphoma)

Tumor markers are produced by malignant tumors exclusively.

Where can tumor markers be found?

What do tumor markers include?

What do hypercalcemia, Cushing syndrome, and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis are all indications of what condition?

What can tumor markers be used for?

__________ of tumors is determined by cytologic appearance and is based on the idea that behavior and differentiation are related, with poorly differentiated tumors having more aggressive behavior.

___________ (extent of tumor), determined by surgical exploration or imaging, is based on size, local and regional lymph node spread, and distant metastases.

_________ is of greater clinical value than ________.

Choose the major forms of neoplasia associated with the following clinical syndrome: Cushing syndrome

Choose the major forms of neoplasia associated with the following clinical syndrome: syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion

Choose the major forms of neoplasia associated with the following clinical syndrome: hypercalcemia

Choose the major forms of neoplasia associated with the following clinical syndrome: hypoglycemia

What is the causal Mechanism(s)/Agent(s) of the following clinical syndrome: Cushing syndrome

What is the causal Mechanism(s)/Agent(s) of the following clinical syndrome: syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion

What is the causal Mechanism(s)/Agent(s) of the following clinical syndrome: hypercalcemia

What is the causal Mechanism(s)/Agent(s) of the following clinical syndrome: hypoglycemia

in laboratory setting, normal cells stop growth when they reach the edge of culture dish; cancer cells will continue to grow and pile on top of one another

normal cells will not grow unless they are attached to a surface; cancer cells will grow when suspended in soft agar

normal cells will divide 10-50 times in a lab; cancer cells will divide indefinitely

cancer cells show defects; anaplasia (reversion to a less mature form); may be pleomorphic (variable size and shape)

Cancer cells perform glycolysis with and without oxygen

When the cancer cells perform glycolysis without regard to presence of oxygen, is this a dysfunction?

Define oncogenes

Define proto-oncogenes

Genes that normally prevent uncontrolled growth and, when mutated or lose from a cell, allow the transformed phenotype to develop. Transformation generally only occurs when both alleles of these cells are damaged.

There are two types of tumor suppressor genes. Which one acts as important brakes on cellular proliferation?

There are two types of tumor suppressor genes. Which one is responsible for sensing genomic damage?

Genes that regulate __________ primarily act by enhancing cell survival, rather than stimulating proliferation per se.

Genes of this class that protect against apoptosis are often ___________ in cancer cells, whereas those that promote apoptosis tend to be _________ or functionally inactivated by mutations.