WorksheetsAP Psychology Review - Cognition
Total questions: 53
Worksheet time: 29mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:
a)
We generalize our views to other, nonrepresentativeness heuristics
b)
The representativeness algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic
c)
Possible variations in the prototype are considered
d)
We fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist
2.
Dr. Mendoza is studying the mental strategies people use when solving problems. Dr. Mendoza is clearly a(n):
a)
Cognitive psychologist
b)
Experimental psychologist
c)
Organizational psychologist
d)
Developmental psychologist
3.
A mental grouping of similar things, events or people is called a(n):
a)
Prototype
b)
Concept
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
4.
Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:
a)
Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical
reasoning
b)
Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the
basis on which they were formed has been discredited
c)
Search randomly through alternative solutions
when problem solving
d)
Look for information that is
consistent with one’s beliefs
5.
A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily other instances of the event are available in memory is called the:
a)
Availability heuristic
b)
Availability algorithm
c)
Representativeness heuristic
d)
Representativeness algorithm
6.
A dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients, their amounts and the steps to follow is an example of a(n):
a)
Prototype
b)
Algorithm
c)
Heuristic
d)
Mental set
7.
A prototype is a:
a)
Step-by-step procedure for
solving problems
b)
Mental grouping of similar
objects, events or people
c)
Best example of a
particular category
d)
Simple thinking strategy for
solving problems efficiently
8.
When the word “oat” is changed to the word “boat,” the number of:
a)
Phonemes increases, but
the number of morphemes stays the same
b)
Phonemes and morphemes are both
increased
c)
Phonemes and morphemes both stay
the same
d)
Phonemes stays the same, but the
number of morphemes increases
9.
Rudy is 6 feet tall, weighs 210 pounds, and is very muscular. If you think that Rudy is more likely to be a basketball player than a computer programmer , you are a victim of:
a)
Belief bias
b)
The availability heuristic
c)
A mental set
d)
The representativeness heuristic
10.
A, an and ill are all examples of:
a)
Phonemes
b)
Morphemes
c)
Syntax
d)
Grammar
11.
Most people tend to:
a)
Accurately estimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments
b)
Underestimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments
c)
Overestimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments
d)
Lack confidence in their decision-making strategies
12.
With regards to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75 percent lean” than to one referring to its “25 percent fat” content. This is an example of:
a)
The framing effect
b)
Confirmation bias
c)
Mental set
d)
Overconfidence
13.
Which one of the following illustrates belief perseverance?
a)
Your belief remains intact even in
the face of evidence to the contrary
b)
You refuse to listen to arguments counter to
your beliefs
c)
You tend to become flustered and angered when
your beliefs are refuted
d)
You tend to search for information that
supports your beliefs
14.
The rules most directly involved in permitting a person to derive meaning from words and sentences are rules of:
a)
Syntax
b)
Grammar
c)
Phonemic structure
d)
Semantics
15.
Any system that encodes, stores and retrieves information
a)
Chunking
b)
Memory
c)
Sensory experience
d)
Rehearsal
16.
Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 memory tasks?
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
17.
Preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute w/o rehearsal.
a)
Sensory memory
b)
Working memory
c)
Long-term memory
18.
Organizing pieces of info into smaller units.
a)
Rehearsal
b)
Chunking
c)
Perserverance
d)
Encoding
19.
Retention of encoded material over time.
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
20.
Location and recovery of info from memory
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
21.
Holds about 7 items at a time
a)
Short-term memory
b)
Long-term memory
c)
Sensory memory
22.
Has unlimited storage capacity
a)
Working memory
b)
Short-term memory
c)
Sensory memory
d)
Long-term memory
23.
A memory of something that was NOT deliberately learned.
a)
Implicit memory
b)
Explicit memory
c)
Retrieval cues
d)
Acoustic memory
24.
Memory of something that WAS deliberately learned.
a)
Implicit memory
b)
Explicit memory
c)
Retrieval cues
d)
Acoustic memory
25.
Techniques used to improve memory.
a)
Bias
b)
Persistence
c)
Mnemonic
d)
Transience
26.
The rules of language
a)
Grammer
b)
Morphemes
c)
Language acquistion
d)
Script
27.
A knowledge cluster
a)
Script
b)
Schema
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
28.
Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:
a)
Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
b)
Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
c)
Search randomly through alternative solutions when problem solving
d)
Look for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs
29.
The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:
a)
Cognition
b)
Learning
c)
Perception
d)
Sensation
30.
Marilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem could also be solved following this sequence; however, a much simpler solution was possible. Marilyn did not realize this simpler solution and solved the problem in the way she had solved the first four. Her problem-solving strategy was hampered by
a)
Functional fixedness
b)
The overconfidence phenomenon
c)
A mental set
d)
Her lack of a prototype for the solution
31.
During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
a)
automatic processing.
b)
priming.
c)
the serial position effect.
d)
the spacing effect.
32.
“The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.
a)
short-term
b)
explicit
c)
implicit
d)
sensory
33.
Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.
a)
recall; recognition
b)
recognition; relearning
c)
recall; relearning
d)
recognition; rehearsal
34.
In the words “helped” and “called,” the “ed” ending is a(n)
a)
prototype.
b)
morpheme.
c)
syntax.
d)
algorithm.
35.
The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a t and an n produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different
a)
prototypes.
b)
semantics.
c)
morphemes.
d)
phonemes.
36.
Pablo vainly searches for a screwdriver while failing to recognize that a readily available coin in his pocket would turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates:
a)
functional fixedness.
b)
the availability heuristic.
c)
belief perseverance.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
37.
A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly attempting to take advantage
a)
confirmation bias.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
belief perseverance.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
38.
Which of the following is TRUE?
a)
People underestimate the accuracy of their judgments.
b)
People pay closest attention to information that disconfirms what they believe.
c)
It is difficult for most people to explain away their failures.
d)
People are overconfident about how they will perform on various tasks.
39.
Advertisers know that a thirty-three percent discount sounds like a better deal than a discount of one third. This best illustrates:
a)
framing.
b)
belief bias.
c)
representativeness heuristics.
d)
confirmation bias.
40.
Maintaining one's conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited is known as:
a)
the representativeness heuristic.
b)
belief perseverance.
c)
confirmation bias.
d)
functional fixedness.
41.
In English, it is appropriate to refer to “a pretty bird,” but not to “a bird pretty.” This best illustrates the importance of:
a)
syntax.
b)
semantics.
c)
morphemes.
d)
phonemes.
42.
Using different words for two very similar objects enables people to recognize conceptual distinctions between the objects. This illustrates:
a)
telegraphic speech.
b)
linguistic determinism.
c)
functional fixedness.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
43.
Which language theorist would have been most likely to emphasize that children master the rule for forming the past tense of regular verbs like "push" before they learn common past tense constructions of irregular verbs like "go"?
a)
B. F. Skinner
b)
Benjamin Lee Whorf
c)
Noam Chomsky
d)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
44.
Which of the following is NOT included as part of today’s general definition of intelligence?
a)
the ability to solve problems
b)
nthe ability to use knowledge to adapt to new situations
c)
the ability to understand people and emotions
d)
the ability to learn from experience
45.
Problem solving is one type of cognitive activity in which we all engage. Which of the following cognitive tendencies is seen to be an obstacle to problem solving?
a)
availability heuristic
b)
insight
c)
prototype confusion
d)
confirmation bias
46.
A typical one-year-old child:
a)
uses telegraphic speech.
b)
imitates two-word phases.
c)
is in the cooing stage.
d)
has lost the ability to discriminate phoneme sounds outside her native language.
47.
Noam Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition holds that people have an inborn universal grammar that makes learning of language easy for children. Which of the following statements is used as support for this theory?
a)
Children repeat words that they hear frequently.
b)
Regardless of the language learned, children tend to make similar errors of grammar when they first begin to learn language.
c)
Chimpanzees and other apes can easily learn language.
d)
Some children’s vocabularies are extensive, despite the fact that they may live in poor environments
48.
To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:
a)
the availability heuristic.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
an algorithm.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
49.
What is the telegraphic stage?
a)
The child has an increase in awareness of grammatical rules
b)
The child understands the concept of politeness and is more aware of the change in tone in what people say
c)
This is the one-word stage
d)
This is when the vocabulary is starting to become more adult-like and more developed.
50.
Children begin to demonstrate that they know how to put words in a sensible order during the ________ stage.
a)
babbling
b)
syntactic
c)
two-word
d)
three-word
e)
phonetic
51.
Which language theorist would have been most likely to emphasize that children master the rule for forming the past tense of regular verbs like "push" before they learn common past tense constructions of irregular verbs like "go"?
a)
B. F. Skinner
b)
Benjamin Lee Whorf
c)
Noam Chomsky
d)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
52.
The child who says “milk gone” is engaging in ____________. This type of utterance demonstrates that children are actively experimenting with the rules of ____________.
a)
Babbling; syntax
b)
Telegraphic speech; syntax
c)
Babbling; semantics
d)
Telegraphic speech; semantics
53.
Linguistics is the scientific study of . . .
a)
language use and development
b)
Noam Chomsky
c)
pasta use and development
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