Propagating plants using seeds that have a hard seed coat often involves scratching the seed coat in a process known as:

Correcting low soil pH can be achieved by applying:

Fertilizer is often applied through the irrigation system. This is often referred to as:

While the desirable soil pH for plants varies by species, a general range for most landscape plants is:

Which of the following is a naturally occurring plant hormone which causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is often used as a root-promoting substance on cuttings used for propagation?

The amount of a pesticide required to kill half of a population is referred to as:

A tree planted in the landscape that will grow up to 70 feet tall at maturity should be planted no closer than ______ feet from the house.

Iron chlorosis may be effectively treated with a product called _______ iron.

This is a common disease caused by fungi and found throughout the United States. It is easily recognized by a white to gray powdery growth, usually on the upper leaf surface.

One key to developing an effective integrated pest management program (IPM) is:

The flower color of some hydrangeas can be changed by:

During pollination, pollen grains are moved from the _____ of a flower to the _____.

Stem tissues that conduct water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant is _______.

Suppose a home landscape is balanced, but the plants to the right and left side of the front door are not the same. They vary in number, species, size, and shape. this landscape is said to be ______ balanced.

A 10-20-15 fertilizer analysis indicates that it contains:

In landscape design, _____ lines are often used to add a feeling of peace, calm, and restfulness.

Which of these terms/phrases is NOT used in landscape design?

Traditional plant retail nurseries often compete with so-called big box store nursery and garden centers by providing better:

Which of the following methods of propagation is most likely to result in genetic variation in the offspring?

A homeowner was ordering topsoil for his garden. He determined he needed 54 cubic feet. To place the order through the company's website he was required to enter his order in cubic yards. How many cubic yards does he need?

A nurseryman uses a device that mixes a concentrated fertilizer solution into the water line during irrigation. This device is a type of:

Sallie is preparing an application to use when she is screening and hiring new employees. which information below can she NOT request on the application or in the interview?

One guideline for good customer service in a retail nursery is to:

Which of these soils will dry quickest after irrigation or a rain?

Bacillus thuringiensis is:

Soil pH is measured on a scale that ranges from:

The main advantage of producing plants from cuttings is that:

After cuttings are rooted and repotted, they may be hardened-off by:

Which of these plants is most tolerant of partial shade?

The USDA plant hardiness zone map may be used to:

A good soil is often described in terms of the percentage of air, water, and mineral and organic matter (solid matter). Which ratio below is most desirable?

Why is a landscape fabric more desirable to use around landscape plants and under mulch than black polyethylene film? Landscape fabric:

If you use a motorized tiller in garden soil while the soil is still wet after a rain, the:

A precursor to root formation on hardwood cuttings of some plants is a growing mass of unorganized plant cells called ____.

If an Extension Agent is unable to identify a plant disease problem, they might consult the state plant _____ to assist in disease identification and control.

In which month listed are hardwood cuttings generally taken?

Suppose you receive several thousand bareroot hardwood trees at your nursery during the winter. these dormant trees are to be potted in three-gallon pots. However, they arrive at a busy time and it may be a couple of weeks before you have time to pot them. Which of these would be the best plan to preserve the trees?

Although methods and techniques of nursery plant propagation from cuttings vary by plant species and grower preferences, which of these is NOT a correct procedure?

Why are newly stuck cuttings sometimes covered with a sheet of polyethylene? To:

Which of these conditions is most likely to encourage nursery cuttings to root faster?

While producing nursery crops in containers has many advantages, one dsadvantage is that:

Which of these plants is most likely to be propagated by division of the crowns?

In the botanical name Syringa vulgaris, vulgaris is the ____ name.

The measure of a soil's ability to hold positively charged ions is an important soil property. It affects soil structure, nutrient availability, soil pH, and the soil's reaction to fertilizer applications and other soil improvements. This is referred to as:

Three layers or horizons of a normal soil profile are:

Asymmetrical balance is sometimes referred to as _____ balance.

One purpose of a berm in the landscape is to:

General maintenance of annuals in landscape color beds includes fertilization, weeding, irrigation, and:

Which of the following is NOT used in either the monitoring or control of insect pests?

Which of these is generally the most important condition for ensuring success when propagating shrubs from softwood cuttings?

A home builder is preparing a newly constructed house for sale and plans to have an open house in about a week. They want the landscape to look complete and well established with the lawn looking as if it has been growing for months. If cost is not a concern, the landscaper should:

A tractor driven on public roads should always have:

Which of the following is true about sticking softwood cuttings?

In the landscape plant production business, _____ has almost been abandoned as an ingredient in the growing mix.

From the statements below about a horticulture business, which statement tells us the most about the financial health of this company?

Which of these groups are all deciduous trees?

Depending on the climate of the area, most nursery growers in the US must provide some type of winter protection for their potted crops. Which of these is NOT a method used for winter protection?

This company sells mostly large balled-and-burlapped shrubs and trees. You would expect their harvest and delivery season to be from:

Before digging to install a landscape you should:

Which group of plants below is likely to have the least problems with insect and disease infestation and will generally suffer less from drought and environmental conditions?

A customer purchases a Yellow Poplar and a Sweetgum tree to plant in their landscape. They ask how far these trees should be planted from their house. Of the following answers, which is the best rule-of-thumb and advice for this customer?

Growers help maximize profits by maximizing growing space. One grower has a coldframe that is 100 feet long and 20 feet wide. She has filled the house to capacity with only a walkway down the middle not filled with plants. the walk is 4 feet wide running the entire length of the house. What percent of the house is used to produce plants?

A customer purchased some shrubs and wants to know how far he should plant them from the foundation of his home. If these shrubs are in 1-gallon pots, and grow to a mature height of 4 feet and 4 feet in diameter, which of the following is the best response?

Most landscape experts do not recommend using lawn aeration equipment that has solid tines or spikes. they recommend aeration equipment that removes soil cores during the aeration process because:

A homeowner described a problem they are having with their lawn. The grass is gradually thinning, yellowing, and weakening, and there are scattered, irregular dead patches. The turf feels spongy when walked on in the affected areas. When the affected sod is pulled, it easily lifts out of the ground because it has very few roots. What is the most likely culprit?

Plants that suffer from too much sun in the hot afternoons may be planted on the ____ side of the house to provide protection in the afternoon.

This landscape operation is performed to evaluate the general landscape requirements of the property, including the needs of the family, to determine topography and drainage, and to note structures for removal, replacement, or renovation.

The golf course superintendent announced at the morning meeting of employees that the mowing heights for the day would be .125 inches, .7 inches, and 2 inches. the crew knew to mow the three main sections of the golf course as follows:

Pines are often identified by their needle length and the number of needles per bundle (fascicle). The white pine has ___ needles to the bundle, making it easy to identify.

Which of the following propagation methods is likely to produce the greatest variability in the genetic makeup of the new plants?

Growers are careful to give potted crops plenty of space to grow. Most plants are spaced in the growing area so that the leaves of one plant do not touch leaves of neighboring plants. The main reason this is done is to prevent:

A _____ mower will generally give the cleanest and smoothest cut to a turf area.

A customer tells the sales person that they want some foundation plants for an area in front of their home. Which of these is the most appropriate response of the salesperson to this request?

Which of the following has the greatest effect on iron availability in the soil?

In the name Acer Rubrum cv. October Glory, 'October Glory' is a ___ name.

Which of these flower parts is male?

Many plants root easily while others are difficult to root and benefit from the addition of a rooting hormone. One of the first root-promoting hormones discovered is a natural plant substance known as ____.

What effect, if any, does the terminal bud have on lateral buds of plants?

Whiteflies are major pests of ornamental plants as well as agronomic crops. They have ____ mouth parts.

Oaks are commonly propagated commercially by ____.

The blooming period of many annual flowers can be extended by:

Which of the following has outstanding bark for visual effect in the winter landscape?

Only male cultivars of this tree should be propagated and sold for planting in the landscape. the female of this species produces foul smelling fruit.

Which of the following trees produces spiky balls bearing seed in the fall, creating a nuisance as they fall onto managed landscape areas?

The _____ determines the flower color of Hydrangea macrophylla (Bigleaf Hydrangea).

One symptom of iron deficiency in plants is:

Entire leaf margins are best described as ___ while serrated leaf margins are _____.

Bagworms often infest which of the following plants?

A landscaper has a client who wants unusual plants installed in her landscape. She found photos of plants she likes on the internet and sent them to the landscaper. The landscaper should consult the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map and the _______ to determine the likelihood of the plants surviving in the client's landscape.

This shrub grows 8 to 15 feet or higher and is often trained against a wall as an espaliered specimen. In the fall, it produces colorful orange to red pea-sized fruit.

A plant that has two leaves emerge from one node on a stem, one leaf directly across from the other, is said to have ____ leaf arrangement.

Generally, although laws vary widely, most items purchased for resale by retail garden centers and raw materials used to grow plants in commercial nurseries are exempt from ___ tax, although the ultimate consumer is usually required to pay this tax.

Which of the following is NOT true about root hairs?

A good soil mix, under ideal conditions, contains roughly 50% solid matter, __% air, and __% water.

Which of these is NOT an item used to aid in soil erosion control?

A common type of landscape plan drawing prepared by designers is the ___ view. In this type of drawing, the viewer observes the site in 3-D as though they are looking at the site live.

Naturalized plants are plants that:

A rain garden is best defined as:

If you plant large trees that reach 90 feet tall at maturity next to a small one-story home the principle of ____ has not been followed.

A disease caused by a bacterial infection in trees, commonly causing death to the tips of tree branches and leaves is _____. It is very common in ornamentals pears as well as pears grown for fruit, in quince, and sometimes crabapple and pyracantha.

All the needles on a white pine in Roberta's landscape turned completely brown this October.

Flowering plants need to be pollinated to reproduce from seeds, either by self-pollination or between plants of the same species for cross-pollination. There are two main methods of moving pollen from the male to the female flower parts for pollination. These are ____ and ____, and in some instances by water and animals.

In an end of the year business analysis, which of these indicates the most significant loss for a business?

Which of these plants is generally least tolerant of severe pruning?

A loam is best described as a soil that has:

A producer found a limb on one of the shrubs she was growing to be strikingly different in its shape and color. It was attractive and looked like no other shrub on the market. She recognized the opportunity to asexually propagate this plant from cuttings off the limb and to introduce an exciting new plant to the market. The limb she found is best described as a _____.

Which of these is true about the insect pictured in Figure 1?

Which of the following is most important for a landscape designer or landscaper to know when designing a residential landscape?

Which of these tells the most about a plant's ability to survive summer heat in a given area?

Why should a landscape call 811?

Suppose the weather is unseasonably cold; about 30 degrees Fahrenheit with light snow. Which of the following plants in the landscape would you expect to receive the least cold damage?

A homeowner has a bare spot in their lawn that is shaded for extended periods during the day. Which of the following suggestions is the best choice to plant in that area?

Suppose you are a salesperson in a garden center when a customer presents a long, confusing scenario about a landscape problem and requests your assistance. A good sales technique you should use is:

While helping prepare his nursery and landscape team, the teacher devised a game about landscape plants called, "Three Truths and a Lie." Which of the following was the lie?

When pollen from the flower of one plant is transferred to the stigma of a flower on another plant, ______ has occurred.

Division is a commonly used method of propagation for some plants. Which of these plants would be most difficult to propagate by division?

Which of these is usually the factor contributing most to problems with pesticide drift?

When producing plants from seed, which of these is usually the most important for seed germination?

What can be said about the differences in climates between the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 5 and 6?

Which of these is NOT a step recommended in pruning trees?

To help decrease the chance of disease development in nursery crops, overhead irrigation should be done _____ when practical.

Generally, meat scraps, bones, grease, and dairy products should not be added to a compost pile because these materials:

Which of these would be easiest to propagate by simple or serpentine layering?

It is well known in horticulture that diverse types of soils hold various amounts of water, with sandy soils holding the least and clay soils holding the most water. Which factor explains why cay soils hold more water than sandy soils, disregarding organic matter?

Waylon had $4.32 per pot invested in his crop of 1500 junipers. A landscape company offered him $6.50 per pot, but he rejected their offer and soon sold the entire crop at his asking price of $7.25 per pot. What was his net profit on the crop?

Heather needs to remove a piece of wire that has wrapped around her rotary mower blade. One thing that she should do as a safety measure is:

A good rule of thumb for mowing grass is to:

Which of these is an LD-50 rating that would be most toxic to humans?

The principles of xeriscaping would be best exemplified by a homeowner who:

A gasoline and oil mix at a ratio in the range of 20:1 to 50:1 is most likely intended for a:

Which of these helps keep a retaining wall from collapsing from the force of the soil behind the wall?

A homeowner wanted Bermudagrass established in her yard but was concerned about the cost. The landscaper suggested a process where pieces of Bermuda sod are chopped into sections of stems containing one or more nodes. These pieces are distributed over the site and covered lightly by disking and rolling. What method of turf establishment does this describe?

The purpose of the edging trench cut between the Bermudagrass and pine straw mulch in Figure 3, is to help:

Which of these is NOT a benefit of a mulched area around established landscape trees?

One of the major problems in maintaining interior plantscapes is:

The measure of the soil's ability to hold positively charged ions is a very important soil property that influences the soil structure, nutrient availability, soil pH, and the soil's reaction to fertilizer applications. This is referred to as:

What is wrong with the tree planting diagram shown in Figure 2?

Most of the feeding roots of established trees in the landscape are:

Which of the following would make the best general-purpose soil mix for a potted nursery crop?

This type of insurance provides protection to the business if you, your employees, your products, or your services cause bodily injury or property damage to a third party.

This type of insurance provides wage replacement and medical benefits to employees who are injured on the job.

A homeowner will soon establish a new lawn by seeding at his home. However, the slope is about 4% and he is worried about erosion prior to germination of his grass seed. A good practice in this situation might be to plant ____ along with his lawn seed. This plant germinates quickly and will hold the soil in place until the turfgrass seeds germinate and become established.

Which plant would not likely need staking when planted in the landscape?

How often is agricultural lime applied to the lawn?

Battery operated landscape equipment such as string trimmers and hedge trimmers have been much improved in recent years. These powerful and convenient tools are used by both homeowners and professionals. Battery powered tools have become popular because they:

If you find an ootheca (egg mass) of a praying mantis in your landscape, you should:

This resource serves as a standard for the measurement of nursery stock. These standards provide buyers and sellers common terminology, and standards in plant size (caliper, height, branching height) in order to facilitate transactions involving nursery crops.

A rule-of-thumb in landscaping is that the walkway leading to the front door of a residence should generally accommodate two adults walking side by side, which is at a minimum of about __ feet wide.

Katelyn had to sharpen her rotary lawnmower blade, including removing a large nick in one end after hitting a piece of metal in the lawn. Her ag teacher reminded her to _____ the blade before reinstalling it or the mower would probably vibrate and possibly cause damage to the engine.

Which of these best describes an invasive plant species?

A homeowner trained the branches of an upright ornamental shrub to grow flat against a brick wall while supported on a lattice. The special plant art form is known in horticultural terms as:

What is the most likely scenario for the damage shown in Figure 1, which shows a tree trunk with a large limb removed and bark stripped away underneath the cut?

A client wishes to have the most luxurious lawn available with a highly manicured look. this calls for a thick turfgrass with high maintenance required such as might be performed on a golf green. The turf should be cut with a ___ mower to achieve the finely manicured look desired.

Variable costs in the operation of a nursery would include:

The recommended method of preparing disposable foam earplugs before inserting them into the ear is to:

The phenomenon of mushrooms growing in a circular pattern in the lawn (figure 2) is known as _____. It is a turfgrass disorder caused by fungi growing on deteriorating sumps or other wood buried underground.

A garden center purchases $1000 worth of plants from a wholesale nursery to resale to homeowners at their retail store. If the sales tax in this area is 5%, how much sales tax would the wholesale nursery charge the garden center?

Which of these would be involved in research and control of pathogenic organisms in plants? A plant:

Foundation plants of a home landscape should generally be arranged to move the viewer's eye to the front door of the home. This is an application of the principle of design termed:

It is recommended to remove no more than ___ of the turfgrass leaf-blade height at each mowing.

Soils should be tested for pH among other characteristics. The pH of soils should be adjusted, if necessary, for optimum plant growth and health. The primary purpose of adjusting soil pH is to:

Lady bug beetles are important beneficial insects in the landscape. They are especially known and valued for feeding on:

Which of these is correct about the depth at which you should plant bare root and containerized plants in the landscape?

Suppose a homeowner applied the recommended rate of 10-10-10 and lime to her lawn, and during the next three days her area received a tremendous amount of rainfall. Which of these elements is most likely to be depleted by the rain?

The 'leaves' on junipers are best described as:

At the end of the year, employers issue their full-time and most part-time workers a _____. This is an IRS form which employers use to report wage and salary information for employees to the IRS. This form also tells the employee the amount of federal, state, and other taxes withheld from their paycheck. Employees use the information no this form to prepare their personal income tax return.

When propagating plants by leafy stem cuttings, why should leaves that will be below the soil line, or touching the top of the soil, be removed during preparation of the cuttings?

A local nursery installed a system of growing plants in which one empty pot is buried in the field in soil up to the upper rim, then a containerized plant of slightly smaller pot size is set/nested into the pot in the soil. This system of nursery production is known as the ____ production system.

The new growth on pine trees is known in horticultural terms as:

Which of the following is a properly written botanical name for Japanese maple?

A type of landscaping that utilizes plants, materials, and techniques to conserve water and moisture in the landscape while reducing or eliminating the need for supplemental water from irrigation is:

A 50 pound bag of a 10-12-15 fertilizer contains _____ pounds of nitrogen.

In which of these systems are plants most likely to have roots damaged during harvest, which may slow their growth when transplanted?

Which of these best describes the natural turfgrass propagation process shown in figure 3?

Dead heading is a labor intensive process for landscapers as well as homeowners. The major objective of dead heading is to:

This tool is a basic landscape drawing tool. When used on a drawing board or drawing table with four 90-degree corners, it can be used to accurately draw horizontal or vertical lines. It can also be used as a base to support triangles and lettering templates.

The ____ view of a proposed landscape project as shown in figure 4, allows better visualization of the designer's intentions than any other view, with the exception of a 3-D model of the project.

Items in the landscape such as walls, water features, paving, and fencing, are referred to as part of the:

Barbara is preparing to design the landscape around a family's newly built residence. In the initial interview, she is collecting information to design a landscape that will be most useful and enjoyable to the homeowners. Which question below is NOT relevant to information needed for this purpose?

The service area of the home landscape might include a:

If the landscape slopes 18 feet over a horizontal distance of 100 feet, the slope of the site is said to be __ percent.

A pH of 5.0 is 10 times more acidic than pH 6.0, and ___ times more acidic than a pH of 7.0.

A Hozon is a siphon-type device often used as a proportioning device by small scale growers to dispense ___ into irrigation water for nursery plants.

What is the best caption for figure 5?

When should azaleas, hydrangeas, dogwoods, and other trees and shrubs that bloom on old wood (last year's growth) be pruned?

A landscape architectural firm was hired to design and oversee a landscape project for a new mall. The firm designed the project and hired other companies to install specific portions of the project including the irrigation system and landscape features. In this case, those who installed these items are best termed:

A recommended size for home compost piles is generally:

When fertilizing trees in the landscape, it is generally recommended to:

Which of these is the formula for photosynthesis (when in the presence of light energy)?

The color of hydrangea blooms (Hydrangea macrophylla) is closely related to:

Which of the following is an eample of an unethical business practice?

The best definition of hydroseeding is:

A dense mesh fabric used for erosion control that allows water through while holding back sediment in the runoff water (figure 6) is known in the landscape trade as:

There are several reasonss for staking and guying newly planted trees in the landscape. Which of these is NOT a reason for staking and guying trees?

At maturity, a large deciduous tree planted on the north side of a south facing home in the continental United States will:

A growing structure that is similar to a greenhouse but has no heat or ventiliation and is generally used only for winter plant protection is called a:

How many trees can be grown on one acre if they are planted in rows that are 6 feet apart with trees in the rows spaced 4 feet apart?

Which of the following soil ingredients should NOT be used in a potting mix for nursery stock?

Which of the following groups of plants are most often propagated by seed?