Porosity is a measure of void space in a soil sample. Larger soil particles have larger void spaces. Smaller soil particles have smaller pore spaces, but a greater number of them, which leads to higher surface tension and higher % porosity. With this is mind, which statement is true:

The replacement-level fertility rate is ____ for developed countries and ____ for developing countries.

Which factor below is least likely to affect birth and fertility rates today?

The text suggests that one key demographic statistic is the percentage of people in a region that are under 15 years of age. Why is this statistic important?

Even if a country reduces its birth rate and maintains replacement-level fertility, its population will still continue to grow for several decades because of

Which of the following countries best exemplifies phase 4 of a demographic transition?

Habitat fragmentation

Which fuel contains the most SULFUR?

What device reduces SO₂ emissions in power plants?

What is the half-life of Iodine 131?

What is the description of a fuel cell car?

The less developed parts of the world get the majority of their energy from

One characteristic feature of the tundra is that only the surface thaws in the summer and refreezes in the winter, leaving a permanently frozen subsoil. This characteristic is known as

__________ primary productivity = the organic materials that remain after photosynthetic organisms in the ecosystem have used some of these compounds for their cellular energy needs (cellular respiration).

Ecological efficiency from one trophic level to the next is generally:

Ocean acidification represents a key component of the

Which is a positive externality that results from the construction of a hydroelectric dam?

Which type of boundary results in the creation of mountains, island arcs, earthquakes, and volcanoes?

Where oceanic plates meet continental plates, old oceanic crust is pulled downward and the heavier oceanic crust slides underneath the lighter continental plate. This is called

Which is an example of a sustainable practice?

I. Replanting a logged forest

II. Developing substitutes for nonrenewable resources

III. Banning the use of all fossil fuels without a planned transition to an alternative

An experiment is designed to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted alone or with clover. The design calls for 3 pans of each treatment. Pans A, B, and C contain only wheat. Pans D, E, and F contain clover and wheat planted in alternating rows. Each pan contains a total of

100 seeds. All treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment.

The treatments planted with only wheat are the

All of the following is true about a niche generalist EXCEPT

The practice of planting a nitrogen-using plant with a nitrogen-fixing plant is called

When irrigation water evaporates, salts are left behind on the soil surface and can cause plant death or lead to

Which of the following is an environmental problem associated with abandoned coal mines?

Biological control methods for managing insect pests are effective for reasons that include which of the following?

I. They promote genetic resistance in the target species, resulting in a population explosion of the target species.

II. They generally focus on one target insect to ensure that the target insect population remains low.

III. They can lead to a self-perpetuating population of a control species.

Climate Change Fills Storms With More Rain

When a tropical storm is approaching, its intensity or wind speed often gets the bulk of the attention. But as Tropical Storm Barry bears down on the Gulf Coast, it’s the water that the storm will bring with it that has weather watchers worried. . . .

In recent years, researchers have found that hurricanes have lingered longer . . . and dumped more rainfall — a sign of climate change, said Christina Patricola, a research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and a co-author of a study that found that climate change is making tropical cyclones wetter. (Tropical cyclones include both hurricanes and tropical storms. . . .)

Researchers have been studying the effects of climate change on tropical cyclones because those sorts of storms are driven by warm water. Water in the gulf is 0.5

to 2

degrees Celsius warmer, according to Dr. [Andreas] Prein, [a project scientist with the National Center for Atmospheric Research] who said: “This is really increasing the likelihood of a hurricane to form in this basin. And it will increase the intensity of the hurricane as well.”

Though storms can form at any time, the Atlantic hurricane season stretches from June 1

through Nov. 30

because that is typically when the Atlantic Ocean’s waters are warm enough to sustain storms. But the oceans are now warmer than ever: They have absorbed more than 90

percent of the heat caused by human-released greenhouse gas emissions. . . .

The researchers used climate models to simulate how tropical cyclone . . . wind speed and rainfall would change if hurricanes like Katrina, Irma and Maria had occurred absent of climate change and under future climate scenarios. They found that for all three storms, climate change increased rainfall by up to 9

percent.

This study is not the first to find that climate change is causing tropical cyclones to have more rainfall. Studies on Hurricane Harvey found that climate change contributed as much as 38

percent, or 19

inches, of the more than 50

inches of rain that fell in some places. . . .

And the structure of cities may exacerbate the problem even further, said Gabriele Villarini, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Iowa.

At issue: Dirt absorbs water, but paved surfaces such as roads, sidewalks and even the footprint of building homes that make up cities don’t. The end result is that less water gets absorbed and the excess inevitably has to go somewhere. . . .

Dr. Villarini noted that in the case of Hurricane Harvey . . . there was “a huge amount of rainfall. And I’m struggling to think how you would design a city so that basically you would be able to zero out any effect of flooding.”

Figuring out how to do that is something that researchers are working on. . . . What many scientists and experts agree on: As climate change increases extreme precipitation, cities will need to adapt.

From The New York Times. © 2019 The New York Times Company. All rights reserved. Used under license.

Based on the passage, which of the following best describes the author’s perspective on the relationship between urbanization and hurricanes?

The development of dangerous strains of disease organisms represents a significant consequence of which of the following agricultural practices?

Which of the following best explains why the maximum sustainable yield for ocean fisheries has been exceeded?

Item 20The Chatham Island robin is a small endangered bird found in scrub forests off the coast of New Zealand. The robin is preyed upon by introduced species such as cats and rats. In 1980, the population decreased to only 5

individuals and every individual today is a descendant of a single female. Which of the following is best illustrated in the decline of the Chatham Island robins?

Which of the following is most likely to occur in a forested region that has been recently clear-cut?

Which of the following statements about genetic diversity is true?

whose basic structure was established in 1970, and then amended in 1977 and 1990—is a United States federal law designed to protect human health and the environment from the effects of air pollution.

establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters.

provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found. The lead federal agencies for implementing ESA are. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) The FWS maintains a worldwide list of endangered species.

is an international agreement made in 1987. It was designed to stop the production and import of ozone depleting substances and reduce their concentration in the atmosphere to help protect the earth's ozone layer.

was established to protect the quality of drinking water in the U.S. This law focuses on all waters actually or potentially designed for drinking use, whether from above ground or underground sources.

What is contour plowing?

Members of an r-selected species characteristically

The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing

Which represents a species that has many offspring but most do not reach sexual maturity?

Line b represents

Which of the following best describes a density-independent factor that controls population size?

Type of aquatic ecosystem that was once viewed as wasteland and drained by the government

Aquatic ecosystem that serves as a nursery for many species and suffers from pollution from city harbors like the Chesapeake Bay

Which of the following is the best illustration of the 'Tragedy of the Commons?'

Which of the following describe the relationship between D.O. and B.O.D.?

Which below is a source of particulate matter?

The global atmospheric CO₂ concentration in 2020 was

Organisms that are successful in a new environment due to access to abundant resources and no predators

The international agreement between governments to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species

Which is NOT true about ocean warming?

Which of the following are evidence of climate change?

Which of the following is contributing to an increase in carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere?

Methane is naturally produced by

The greenhouse effect is due to

Which data are used to estimate historic temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations?

I. Marine organism fossils

II. air trapped in ice

III. glacier depth

Effects of climate change on organisms include all of the following except

Which of the following is NOT helpful for reaching sustainability?

Which of these are part of "sustainable development"