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WorksheetsResearch Methodology (2)
Total questions: 75
Worksheet time: 38mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
An ordinal scale is used to rank people, objects, or characteristics
a)
true
b)
false
2.
A challenge of qualitative data analysis is that it often includes data that are unwieldy and complex; it is a major challenge to make sense of the large pool of data.
a)
true
b)
false
3.
What is the mean of this set of number: 4, 6, 7, 9, 2000000?
a)
7.5
b)
400005.2
c)
7
d)
4
4.
What is the median of a set of numbers: 4; 6; 7; 9; 2000000
a)
7.5
b)
400005.2
c)
7
d)
4
5.
Approximately what percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean in the normal distribution?
a)
34
b)
95
c)
99
d)
68
6.
An ordinal scale is:
a)
The simplest form of measurement;
b)
A rank-order scale of measurement;
c)
A scale with equal intervals between adjacent numbers;
d)
A scale with an absolute zero point;
7.
Which scale is the simplest form of measurement?
a)
Nominal;
b)
Ordinal;
c)
Interval;
d)
Ratio
8.
__________ are the basic building blocks of qualitative data
a)
Categories;
b)
Units
c)
Individuals;
d)
None of the above
9.
The process of marking segments of data with symbols, descriptive words, or category names is known as
a)
Concurring
b)
Coding;
c)
Coloring;
d)
Segmenting
10.
Which of the following statements sounds like a null hypothesis?
a)
The coin is not fair
b)
There is a correlation in the population
c)
There is no difference between male and female incomes in the population
d)
The defendant is guity
11.
A ________ is a subset of a __________.
a)
Sample, population
b)
Population, Sample
c)
Statistic, parameter
d)
Parameter, statistic
12.
Identify which of the following steps would not be included in hypothesis testing.
a)
State the null and alternative hypotheses
b)
Set the significance level before the research study
c)
Eliminate all outliers
d)
Obtain the probability value using a computer program such as SPSS
13.
A statistical test used to determine whether a correlation coefficient is statistically significant is called the ___________
a)
One-way analysis of variance
b)
t-test for independent samples
c)
Chi-square test for contingency tables
d)
t-test for correlation coefficients
14.
The median is _________
a)
The middle point
b)
The highest number
c)
The average
d)
Affected by extreme scores
15.
Which of the following is not a data-collection method?
a)
Research questions
b)
Unstructured interviewing
c)
Postal survey questionaires
d)
Participant observation
16.
Why is data analysis concerned with data reduction?
a)
Because far too much data is collected than is required
b)
Because we need to make sense of the data
c)
Because of the repetitions in answers to questionaire
d)
Because the sample size has been exceeded
17.
The core ingredient of a dissertation are:
a)
Introduction; Data collection; Data analysis; Conclusions and recommendations
b)
Executive summary; Literature review; Data gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography
c)
Research plan; Research data; Analysis; Reference
d)
Introduction; Literature review; Research methods; Results;Discussion; Conclusions
18.
As a general rule, the ____________ is the best measure of central tendency because it is more precise
a)
Mean
b)
median
c)
mode
d)
range
19.
The most frequently occurring number in a set of values is called the _________.
a)
mean
b)
median
c)
mode
d)
range
20.
A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called a _____
a)
line graph
b)
bar graph
c)
scatterplot
d)
vertical graph
21.
A standard deviation is:
a)
the square root of the variance
b)
a measure of variability
c)
an approximate indicator of how numbers vary from the mean
d)
all of the above
22.
Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?
a)
generalization to the population
b)
random sampling
c)
unique case orientation
d)
standardized tests and measures
23.
Which of the following does not apply to qualitative research?
a)
Data are often words and pictures
b)
uses to study inductive scientific method be
c)
ends with a statistical report
d)
involves direct and personal contact with participants
24.
Which of the following is a characteristic qualitative research?
a)
design flexibility
b)
inductive analysis
c)
context sensitivity
d)
all of the above
25.
Which of the following is usually not a characteristic qualitative research?
a)
design flexibility
b)
dynamic systems
c)
naturalistic inquiry
d)
deductive design
26.
0 Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?
a)
choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
b)
listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within each ethnic group at random
c)
numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table to pink cases from the table
d)
randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school.
27.
____________ is a type of probability sampling.
a)
haphazard
b)
quota
c)
snowball
d)
cluster
28.
The word “random” is normally used with _________
a)
simple sampling
b)
purposive sampling
c)
stratified sampling
d)
cluster sampling
29.
Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling?
a)
snowball sampling
b)
quota sampling inter
c)
purposive sampling
d)
they are all forms of nonrandom sampling
30.
Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size
a)
cluster sampling
b)
simple random sampling
c)
systematic sampling
d)
proportional stratified sampling
31.
The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as __________
a)
sampling
b)
census
c)
survey research
d)
none of the above
32.
Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling?
a)
cluster sampling
b)
convenience sampling
c)
quota sampling
d)
purposive sampling
33.
People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method called __________.
a)
simple random sampling
b)
cluster sampling
c)
systematic sampling
d)
convenience sampling
34.
Which of the following is not an example of a nonrandom sampling technique?
a)
purposive
b)
quota
c)
convenience
d)
cluster
35.
Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people for study if you are interested in making statements about a larger population?
a)
convenience sampling
b)
quota sampling
c)
purposive sampling
d)
random sampling
36.
Which of the following is the researcher usually interested in supporting when he or she is engaging in hypothesis testing?
a)
the alternative hypothesis
b)
the null hypothesis
c)
both the alternative and null hypothesis
d)
neither the alternative or null hypothesis
37.
When p>.05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed relationship, it means that the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that the author is using a significance or alpha level of . 05)
a)
true
b)
false
38.
When p<.05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed relationship, it means that the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that the author is using a significance or alpha level of . 05)
a)
true
b)
false
39.
The use of the laws of probability to make inferences and draw statistical conclusions about populations based on sample data is referred to as _________.
a)
descriptive statistics
b)
inferential statistics
c)
sample statistics
d)
population statistics
40.
As a general rule, researchers tend to use _______ percent confidence intervals.
a)
99
b)
95
c)
50
d)
None of the above
41.
A key characteristic of past research that guides researchers in new research questions is that:
a)
extensive research conclusively and definitively answers research questions
b)
studies typically generate more research questions than they answer
42.
What does it mean when you calculate 95% confidence interval?
a)
the process you used will capture the true parameter of 95% of the time in the long run
b)
you can be “95% confident” that your interval will include the population parameter
c)
you can be “5% confident” that your interval will not include the population parameter
d)
all of the above statements are true
43.
What is the median of the following set of scores? 18, 6, 12, 10, 14?
a)
10
b)
14
c)
18
d)
12
44.
__________ are used when you want to visually examine the relationship between two quantitative variables
a)
bar graphs
b)
pie graphs
c)
line graphs
d)
Scatterplots
45.
The _________ is the value you calculate when you want to arithmetic average
a)
mean
b)
median
c)
mode
d)
all of the above
46.
Why are variance and standard deviation the most popular measures of variability?
a)
they are the most stable and are foundations for more advanced statistical analysis
b)
they are the most simple to calculate with large data sets
c)
they provide nominally scaled data
d)
none of the above
47.
Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number between and k, and including each case kth elements in your sample are the steps for which form of sampling?
a)
simple random sampling
b)
stratified random sampling
c)
systematic sampling
d)
cluster sampling
48.
The “equals” sign (=) is included in which hypothesis when conducting hypothesis testing?
a)
null
b)
alternative
c)
It can appear in both the null and the alternative hypothesis
d)
none of the above
49.
The statement of purpose in this research study should:
a)
identify the design of the study
b)
identify the intent or objective of the study
c)
specify the type of people to be used in the study
d)
describe the study
50.
What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?
a)
resistance to manipulation
b)
manipulation of the independent variable
c)
the use of open-ended questions
d)
focuses only on local problems
51.
When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables, it is very important to avoid ________.
a)
checking the strength of relationship
b)
jumping to the conclusion of causality
c)
checking the direction of the relationship
d)
expressing a relationship with a correlation coefficient
52.
Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics except:
a)
it is typically used when the great deal is already known about a topic of interest
b)
it relies on the collection of nun-numeral data such as words and pictures
c)
it is used to generate a hypotheses and develop a theory about phenomena in the world
d)
it uses the inductive scientific method
53.
The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods?
a)
experimental
b)
causal-comparative
c)
correlational
d)
ethnography
54.
a positive correlation is present when ________
a)
two variables move in opposite directions
b)
two variables move in the same direction
c)
one variable goes up and one goes down
d)
several variables never change
55.
Which of the following best describes quantitative research?
a)
the collection of non-numerical data
b)
an attempt to confirm researcher’s hypotheses
c)
research that is exploratory
d)
research that attempts to generate a new theory
56.
Research hypothesis are _________
a)
formulated prior to a review of the literature
b)
statement of predicted relationships between variables
c)
stated such that they can be confirmed or refused.
d)
b and c
57.
The Methods section of the research plan typically specifies
a)
the research participants
b)
the apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study
c)
the planned research procedures
d)
all of the above
58.
Which of these is not a method of data collection?
a)
questionnaires
b)
interviews
c)
experiments
d)
observation
59.
All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:
a)
it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data
b)
it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect
c)
it uses the deductive scientific method
d)
it rarey is conducted in a controlled setting or environment
60.
A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to do which of the following?
a)
to become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest
b)
to identify four potential methodological problems in the research area
c)
to develop a list of pertinent problems related to the phenomenon of interest
d)
all of the above.
61.
Secondary/ existing data may include which of the following?
a)
official documents
b)
personal documents
c)
archived research data
d)
all of the above
62.
Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected at an earlier time by a different person for a different purpose?
a)
primary data
b)
secondary data
c)
experimental data
d)
field notes
63.
the “equals” sign (=) is included in which hypothesis when conducting hypothesis testing?
a)
null
b)
alternative
c)
it can appear in both the null and the alternative hypothesis
d)
all of the above
64.
A classification system generally used in social sciences that breaks something down into different types or levels is called a __________
a)
diagram
b)
flow chart
c)
hierachical category system
d)
category
65.
The process of quantifying data is referred to as __________
a)
typology
b)
diagramming
c)
enumeration
d)
coding
66.
An advantage of using computer programs for quantitative qualitative research qualitative data is that they ___________
a)
can reduce time required to analyze data (i.e., after the data are transcribed)
b)
help in storing and organizing data
c)
many procedures available that are rarely done by hand due to time constraints
d)
all of the above
67.
When a segment textual data has overlapping codes this is called a(n) _________
a)
inductive code
b)
co-occurring code
c)
priori code
d)
facesheet code
68.
This is the process of transforming qualitative research data from written interviews or field notes into typed text
a)
segmenting
b)
coding
c)
transcription
d)
memoing
69.
What is the recording of reflective notes about what you are learning from your data during data analysis called?
a)
coding
b)
segmenting
c)
memoing
d)
reflecting
70.
Codes that apply to a complete document or case or called _______
a)
cover codes
b)
False sheet codes
c)
factual codes
d)
Facesheet codes
71.
The goal of __________ is to focus on summarizing and explaining a specific set of data.
a)
inferential statistics
b)
descriptive statistics
c)
none of the above
d)
all of the above
72.
The ___________ is often the preferred measure of central tendency if the data are severely skewed
a)
mean
b)
median
c)
mode
d)
range
73.
If a distribution is skewed to the left then it is __________.
a)
negatively skewed
b)
positively skewed
c)
symmetrical skewed
d)
symmetrical
74.
Non-overlapping categories or intervals are known as ___________
a)
inclusive
b)
exhaustive
c)
mutually exclusive
d)
mutually exclusive and exhaustive
75.
In a grouped frequency of distribution, the intervals should be what?
a)
mutually exclusive
b)
exhausive
c)
both A and B
d)
neither A nor B
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