distance over time (m/s)

displacement over time with direction (m/s)

change in velocity over time (m/s^2)

based on the speed of movement of articulators

an object at rest will stay at rest until a force acts upon it. An object in motion will stay in motion will move at a constant velocity unless a force acts on it

when a force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the same direction as the force. When multiple forces act, the acceleration is in the direction of their sum

when one object applies a force to another, the second object also applies an equal force upon the first, but in the opposite direction

a force applied to move an object over a distance

force x distance (1 joule=1newton*meter)

the capacity of an object to do work, measured in joules

the rate at which work can be done

work/time (1 watt=1joule per second)

energy of motion

mass*velocity^2/2

stored energy that can be released

mass*gravity*height

a property of an object that it resists being deformed due to outside force

a property of an object to be able to return to its original shape after deformation

a force applied over an area

force/area 1 pascal = 1 newton/meters^2

a pressure wave created by vibration (oscillation) of air molecules

particles move parallel to the energy transfer of the wave

single action creating one wave

movement of particles in perpendicular to direction of energy transfer in the way, think guitar string, up and down

simple harmonic motion of a longitudinal wave, represented by a pure tone, turning fork emits same single frequency

combined sine waves, repeatable, can be broken down into their constituent pure tones, they have to satisfy a mathematic equation called an harmonic relation

states that all of the frequencies involved in the wave must be multiples of the lowest frequency of the wave

because all of the waves involved are multiples of that lowest frequency, they can add together and keep a repeatable/periodic nature

energy at all odd and even integer multiples of the Fo

energy only at odd multiples

energy only at odd multiple but rolls off -12 dB per octave

low pressure areas, more open

high pressure areas

point of high amplitude in wave

point of low amplitude

waves per second 60 hz (60 cycles/1 second)

time taken by one cycle 1/60th of second

distance from peak to peak of wave (meters)

wavelength x frequency

in phase of wave: wave periods have same frequency lining up

crests and troughs or rarefactions and compressions of same frequency not lining up

rarefaction+rarefaction=amplification

compress+compress=amplification

rarefaction+compress=cancelled out!

mixes and complex interference

the destructive and constructive interference patterns line up just right so it looks like the wave isn't moving at all, usually occurs in confined spaces

where the waves do not combine, largest amplitude

these are why we hear differences between vowels, where waves are combined, smallest amplitude, where constructive and destructive line up, in combined space, cancelled out

an aperiodic wave, random and unpredictable, can be transient or continues, and cycles don't repeat

frequency at which an object vibrates most easily and with the largest amplitude, depends on object material and length of object

air inside a container is set into vibration, seize of the resonating cavity determines the frequency

occurs when an items is struck or vibrated once and left alone

requires constant input from an oscillator to keep moving, the object set in motion is called a resonator

amplitude will be large

amplitude will be less

20 Hx-20,000 Hz

1000Hz to 4000 Hz

120-120 dB SPL

contracts for inspiration pulling down and forwards, below the lungs

inspiration

expiration

pressure and volume of gas are inversely correlated, when volume increases, pressure decreases, drives breathing process (equalizing pressure)

move the lungs-passive, expand and compress

automatic, controlled by autonomic nervous system, sleep continues without thinking, 12/15 breaths per minute, inter and extra costal muscles barely move

for speech, more muscle contraction and groups, active process, diaphragm close to 10 cm of movement

greater volume than tidal (ex. doctor's appointment, yoga class)

air moves out fast in lungs (quick exhales)

the volume of air exchanged during a single cycle of breathing

the air that remains in the lungs

the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold

the total volume of air that can be exchanged during a single cycle of maximum inhalation/exhalation

the additional amount that you can inhale

amount of air that can still be exhaled after quiet breath

amount of air remaining in the lungs when recoil forces are balanced

squamous cells and basement membrane, whitish color, assists with hydration and fluid retention

superficial + intermediate together

intermediate + deep together

cushions vocal folds, made out of randomly oriented fibrous and elastin fibers

elastin fibers in anterior/posterior orientation

collagen fibers in anterior/posterior orientation

for adducting, antagonist to cricothyroid

-thyrovocalis, thyromuscularis

medial, tenses/shortens

lateral, relaxes/lengthens

adductor, paired

adduct together, two sets, oblique interarytenoid(two) and transverse interarytenoid (one)

forward and down for thyroid cart, opposite of thyoarytenoid, pars recta, pars oblique, main tensor for vocal folds

abductor, both sides

sensory

cricothyroid muscle (forward and down)

when vocal fold opens, pressure decreases through small space and air goes through fast

vocal fold cover, epithelium, superior lamina propria, intermediate lamina vibrate at soft and high frequency phonation

deep lamina propria and thyroartyenoid muscles, contract and thicken

sub glottal pressure pushes vocal folds apart, VF bounce back due to their elasticity, Bernoulli effect pushes them apart again, creates wave

-a theory of why our VF create waves

measured during sustained vowels, reading, and spontaneous speech, typically a small range in natural speech, usually in the lower part of the speaker's range, can change with emotional state, also measures maximum range

perturbations in Fo, measured in sustained vowel (ex. /a/), fluctuations in Fo, everyone has some, not relevant clinically, doesn't always improve with treatment

looking at ratio of frequency in one cycle compared to one next to it

natural variation in intensity or loudness (decibel scale)

compares absolute different between amplitude of different waves and divides by all waves, 3.8 or less

imperfect variations, not repeatable

intensity and frequency changes documented and graphed, frequency on x axis, intensity on y axis, measure treatment outcomes based on vocal pathology of client

compares rate of air pressure being produced to the acoustic power taken as sound leaves mouth

someone hold out max phonation time between s and z both, look at ratio between those two times, if z is long then vocal fold path impedes air flow when vocal fold closed, should be equal ratio

sustained vowels measured in sounds, men great, can be affected by learning and practice and exercise

speaking and widest frequency, chest voice or low voice, most speech occurs, men lower Fo

relaxation of cricothyroid muscle, creates prolonged duration of closed phase, vocal folds are short and thick, Fo is low, mean airflow and sub glottal pressure are lower than modal voice, also termed pulse phonation

cricothyroid muscle contract byt thryoartyenoid dosen't shorten, stiff and long, decreased mass and increased stiffness, higher frequency, closed phase is shortened, reduced amplitude of wave when closed