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WorksheetspH, pKa, Buffers, Osmolarity and Tonicity
Total questions: 79
Worksheet time: 47mins
Which of the following is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation utilized for weak acids and bases?
pH= pKa + log [HA] / [A-]
pH= poH= 7
pH= pKa + log [A-] / [HA]
pH= Kw + log [A-] / [HA]
If [HA] = [A-] that means
Because is equal then we use log1=1, so in this case the pH=pKa
Because is equal then we use log1=2, so in this case the pH=pKw
Because is equal then we use log1=0, so in this case the pH=pKw
Because is equal then we use log1=0, so in this case the pH=pKa
When acid and dissociated base has equal concentration, that's why we use one of the following:
log0
log1
log10
log-14
For any weak acid, at what PH is this half dissociated?
When the pH is 2 for all the acids
When the pH is equal to the pKb for that acid
When the pH is equal to the pKa for that acid
When the pH is 14 for all acids
Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) has a pKa of 4.76. If a mixture of 1 mole of acetic plus 1 mole of Sodium Acetate (the conjugate base of acetic acid) were mixed together, what would the pH be?
5.88
2.38
4.76
7
What the titatrion curve tell us ?
The middle of the titration curve represents the pH
The middle of the titration curve represents the pKa
The middle of the titration curve represents the poH
The middle of the titration curve represents the Kw
In most of the cases we can say that which of these acts as a base?
Ammonia
NaH2PO4
Sodium Phosphate monobasic
Acetic acid
It is the movement of molecules along a concentration gradient
Osmosis
Diffusion
Osmotic Pressure
Oncotic Pressure
Diffusion of a small molecules across a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmosis
Osmotic Pressure
Diffusion
Oncotic pressure
Pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Osmolality
Diffusion
Oncotic pressure
Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins
Osmolality
Buffers
Oncotic pressure
High Blood Pressure
Number of moles of osmotically active molecules per liter of solvent
Osmolarity
Osmolality
Oncotic pressure
Diffusion
Number of moles of osmotically active molecules per kilogram of solvent
Buffers
Osmolarity
Osmolality
Osmotic pressure
The body fluid Osmolality is maintained at
245-300 mOsm H2O
285-300 mOsm H2O
285-300 mOsm O
245-300 mOsm O
Movement of most ions across cell membranes requires
non-electrolytes
organelles
protein carriers
DNA
Osmolarity is _________________ of the type of solute in a solution.
dependent
independent
equal
not equal
Both, electrolytes and non-electrolytes contribute to
Oncotic pressure
Osmolality
Osmolarity
None of the above
Osmolarity is __________________ of the types of ions in a solution
independent
autonomic
dependent
none of the above
1 x M, where M is the molar concentration of the non-electrolyte.
Osmolality
Osmolarity
Osmolarity of a non-electrolyte
Osmolarity of an electrolyte
n X M, where the n=number of ions in the electrolytes and M= molar concentration of the electrolyte.
Osmolarity of an electrolyte
Osmolarity
Osmolarity of a non-electrolyte
None of the above
In the case we would have the osmolarity of 1M glucose solution is 1 Osmol, what is going to be the osmolarity for glucose if it is 0.5 Osmol?
1 M
0.5 M
2 M
1.5 M
In this case of Osmolarity of an electrolyte, how many Osmols we are going to obtain of the Osmolarity of
1M NACL if n X 1M= Osmols
4 Osmols
1 Osmol
2 Osmols
0 Osmols
Which of the following assertions are true about Osmolarity
Osmolarity of solutions is important in clinical studies
Number of moles of osmotically active molecules per liter of solution
Osmolarity is independent of the type of solute in a solution
Number of moles of osmotically active molecules per kilogram of solvent.
Which of the following osmolarities is most compatible with IV infusion
0.7 OsM
0.8 OsM
0.3 OsM
All of the above
If an IV solution is made up by dissolving 1 micromole into a liter of distilled water , what would be the most likely result?
The solution would cause red blood cells to shrink
Hypotonic solution
The solution would cause red blood cells to burst
Hypertonic solution
If an IV solution is made up by dissolving 1 micromole of a drug into a liter of isotonic saline, what would be the most likely result?
Isotonic Solution
Hypertonic Solution
The solution would cause red blood cells to shrink
The solution would be safe to inject
If an IV solution is made up by dissolving 0.3 mole of a drug into a liter of isotonic saline, what would be the most likely result?
The solution would cause red blood cells to shrink
The solution would cause red blood cells to burst
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Most buffer work best at which PH?
pH 10
pH 14
pH 7
within 1 pH unit of the pKa
What is going the MW for NaH2PO4 and is it acid or base ? The following information is provided: Na= 23, H=1, P=31, O=16
142 g/mol base
120 g/mol base
142 g/mol acid
120g/mol acid
A chemistry based discipline, involving aspects of
Biological, Medical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
.
Pharmacology
Pharmacy
Medicinal Chemistry
Posology
Practitioners of MC gather information from a variety of
disciplines and direct it towards _______________________
to achieve the desired therapeutic goal.
success
drug development
development
science
Concerned with the __________, discovery, ___________, identification, and ______________ of biologically active compounds.
implementation, preparation, science
invention, design, preparation
implementation, design, science
science, design, preparation
Medicinal Chemistry deals with the study of compound metabolism, interpretation of their mode of action at the molecular level, and the construction of ___________________________
structure-activity relationships (chemical basis of drug action)
structure-activity (pharmacological basis of drug action)
activity relationships (physiological basis of drug action)
None of the above
A drug has essential structural features directly responsible for good activity
Posology
Organic
Chemistry
Pharmacophore
An ensemble of steric and electronic features that is
necessary to ensure the optimal supramolecular
interactions with a specific biological target and to trigger
(or block) its biological response
Pathophysiology
Posology
Physiology
Pharmacophore
We can say that Drug =
Posology + other structural features
Pharmacophore + other structural features
Organic + other structural features
Pathophysiology + other structural features
What of the following assertions are true about Morphine
It is used to treat Hypercholesterolemia
is a drug and is made up of pharmacophore and other structural features
Schedule II narcotic
None of the above
Pharmacophore consists of an
aromatic ring, a protonated amide, & a hydrophilic region; all spatially oriented at certain angle & a certain distance
aromatic ring, a protonated amine, & a hydrophobic region; all spatially oriented at certain angle & a certain distance
aromatic ring, a protonated carboxyl, & a hydrophilic region; all spatially oriented at certain angle & a certain distance
aromatic ring, a protonated amine, & a hydrophilic region; all spatially oriented at certain angle & a certain distance
The chemical structure of a drug dictates its affinity to tissue receptors and thus the intensity and intrinsic response that binding elicits. The relationship is usually stringent so that even comparatively minor structural variations can produce major alterations in response.
Kw
SAR
OsM
Structure-Activity-Relationship
Results from interaction of drug molecules with either normal or abnormal physiological processes
Physical
Drug Action
Chemical
None of the above
Drugs normally interact with targets such as
proteins
enzymes
cell lipids
pieces of DNA/RNA
The most pharmacologically influential physicochemical properties of drugs are:
Solubility
Acidity and/or basicity
Reactivity
Non soluble
Generally acidic/basic functional groups enhance water solubility except
polar
amphoteric drugs
non polar
all of the above
Which of the following FG enhance water solubility
Hydroxyls (-OH)
Amines
Amphoteric drugs
None of the above
Which of the following are true about drug polarity and solubility
To get across most membranes, the drug must be relatively non polar
To reach its target, the drug must pass through several membranes
If PO, this begins with the stomach and continues to the
small and large intestine
To be soluble in water, a drug must interact with water
If a drug is too non-polar, it may be not be water soluble, or
may bind too tightly to components in food, or to proteins in
the blood. If a drug in too polar, it may not cross various
biological membranes
The polarity of a substance is measured by its
partition coefficient in a two phase system
consisting of
1-octanol and Oxygen
2-octanol and Hydrogen
1-octanol and water
2-octanol and water
A drug MUST have right balance of ________________________ and ____________________ for desired action
lipophilicity and hydrophilicity
lipophilicity and hydrophobicity
lipophobicity and hydrophilicity
None of the above
The presence of ________________ and ______________ containing functional groups usually enhances water solubility.
Nitrogen
Oxygen
CH3CH2(CH3)12
CHE3(CH2)-CH=CH-(CH2)6-CH2
Lipid solubility is enhanced by ______________________ and _________________ systems.
non-ionizable amine chains and ring .
ionizable hydrocarbon chains and ring .
non-ionizable hydrocarbon chains and ring .
ionizable amine chains and ring .
Functional group affect _________________ or
_______________ of a drug molecule
lipophilicity or hydrophobicity
lipophilicity or hydrophilicity
lipophobicity or hydrophilicity
lipophobicity or hydrophobicity
The drug Norepinephrine has the following FG present in its molecule
First degree Amine
Carboxylic Acid
Catechol
Methyl group
The drug Penicillin G has the following FG present in its molecule
Amide
Catechol
Carboxylic Acid
Lactam
The drug Sulfisoxazole has the following FG present in its molecule
Isoxazole
Catechol
Sulfonamide
Lactam
The drug Cimetidine has the following FG present in its molecule
Thioether
Guanidine
Lactam
Imidazole
The drug Furosemide has the following FG present in its molecule
Furan
Lactam
Imidazole
Sulfonamide
The drug Sufentanil has the following FG present in its molecule
Thiphene
Imidazole
Piperidine
Ether
The drug Phenytoin has the following FG present in its molecule
Hydantoin
Imide
Pyridine
Piperidine
The drug Rosiglitazone has the following FG present in its molecule
Imidazole
Furan
Imide
Pyridine
The LSD has the following FG present in its molecule
Furan
Imidazole
Indole
Piperidine
The drug Warfarin has the following FG present in its molecule
Hydantoin
Thiophene
Imidazole
Chromen
Select all that apply Structural features that ↓ lipophilicity OR ↑ hydrophilicity:
Polar functional groups.
Amines (1, 2, 3)
Hydroxyls (1, 2, 3)
Ionized compounds
Aromatic amines and hydroxyls
Select all that apply to Structural features that ↑ lipophilicity OR ↓ hydrophilicity:
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Alkyl or aromatic halides
Alkanes
Alkenes
Aromatic amines and hydroxyls
Adding alkanes to a molecule will decrease the logP value
No
Maybe
It will stay the same
Yes
The most pharmacologically influential physicochemical properties of drugs are
Solubility
None of them
Reactivity
Acidity and/or basicity
An example of the pharmaceutical phase is
disposition
dosage formulation
structure at target site
All of the above
The pharmacological phases consist in
dosage formulation
disposition
dosage
structure at target site
From the following functional groups which of them represents the Carboxylic acid group
(Ar-OH)
(-CO-CHR-CO-)
(-COOH)
(R-CO-NH-CO-R)
From the following functional groups which of them represents the Phenol group
(-CO-CHR-CO-)
(R-CO-NH-CO-R)
(R-SO2NH2)
(Ar-OH)
From the following functional groups which of them represents the Sulfonamide group
(R-CO-NH-CO-R)
(-CO-CHR-CO-)
(R-SO2NH2)
(Ar-OH)
From the following functional groups which of them represents the Imide group
(R-CO-NH-CO-R)
(COOH)
(-CO-CHR-CO-)
(Ar-OH)
From the following functional groups which of them represents the Carbonyl group
(-COOH)
(R-CO-NH-CO-R)
(-CO-CHR-CO-)
(Ar-OH)
Which of the following are considered common acidic organic functional groups
Carboxylic acid
Carbonyl group
Sulfonamide
Phenol
Imide
Which of the following are considered common basic organic functional groups
Aliphatic first, second and third degree amines
Sulfonamide
Heterocyclic amines
Aromatic amines
From the following functional groups which of them represents the Aromatic amines group
(R-NH2)
(R2NH)
(Ar-NH2)
(Ar-OH)
At different _________________, acidic/basic drugs shows different solubility characteristics
All of them are correct
Keq
Kw
pH
What a pharmacist should know
Pharmacophore
Structure-Activity-Relationship (SAR)
Drug-Receptor Interactions
Physico-chemical properties of drug in relation to biological action
Which statement is true about Ionized states of molecules
Ionized (i.e. charged) states of molecules are always less polar than the uncharged forms BUT drugs are mostly absorbed in un-ionized form.
Ionized (i.e. charged) states of molecules are always more polar than the uncharged forms BUT drugs are less absorbed in ionized form.
Ionized (i.e. charged) states of molecules are always less polar than the charged forms BUT drugs are mostly absorbed in un-ionized form.
Ionized (i.e. charged) states of molecules are always more polar than the uncharged forms BUT drugs are mostly absorbed in un-ionized form.
Which statements are true about ionized states of molecules
Some drugs change their ionic form, depending on the pH of the surrounding medium
Ionized (i.e. charged) states of molecules are always less polar than the charged forms BUT drugs are less absorbed in un-ionized form.
Ionized (i.e. charged) states of molecules are always more polar than the uncharged forms BUT drugs are mostly absorbed in un-ionized form.
Ionized (i.e. charged) states of molecules are always less polar than the uncharged forms BUT drugs are less absorbed in ionized form.
As a Pharmacist it is important to understand Medicinal Chemistry and
Absorption
Metabolism
Distribution
Elimination
Efficacy and Safety as well
