•A stressor can be good (______) which is productive or bad stress (_______) which is destructive, and causes decreased resistance to dis-ease

–Can increase colds, infections and allergies

What are the three stages of General Adaptive Syndrome?

•GAS has three progressive phases:

–Alarm

•This is a fast response so it is ______ ______ mediated initially then it is hormonal.

•GAS has three progressive phases:

After Alarm,

–Resistance

•This is a prolonged response so it is ______ mediated.

Name the stage of General Adaptive Syndrome?

•Stress that continues and causes hypoadrenia

•Loss of glucose homeostasis

•Hypoadrenia symptoms are chronic disease such as increased blood pressure, ulcers, infections, chronic fatigue

Location of the pancreas?

This gland has endocrine and exocrine functions

The Acini Cells of the pancreas release what>

The Alpha Cells of the pancreas release what>

The Beta Cells of the pancreas release what>

Alpha Cells and Beta Cells are located where in the pancreas?

•98% of this organ produces digestive enzymes (exocrine)

2% of the Isle of Langerhans (endocrine)

Name the hormone

•lowers glucose blood levels

•antagonizes glucagon

Name the hormone

•secreted in diets low in carbohydrate or fasting,

•Secreted if there is low blood sugar

•As glucose in the blood increases the pancreas inhibits alpha cells this decreases _________

•If there is decreased glucose in the blood then the pancreas _______ glucagon from the _____ cells (Glucagon makes glucose gone from the liver and muscles, where it is stored as glycogen)

•_______ from the beta cells allows for transport of glucose from the blood into the cells by facilitated diffusion.

Pancreas Abnormality

•_________= overflow as in diarrhea in the urine mellitus = melon sweetened urine

• Fourth leading cause of death today, in 1900 few cases reported.

What type of diabetes is this:

•= insulin dependent 10%

•-some cases have autoimmune destruction of beta cells, diagnosed about age 12

•Treated with diet, exercise, monitoring of blood glucose and periodic injections of insulin or insulin pump

What type of diabetes is this:

•= Non-Insulin dependent 90%

–tissue is insulin resistance

• Failure of target cells to respond to insulin

–3 major risk factors are heredity, age (40+) and obesity

Treated with weight loss program of diet and exercise

- Bitter melon and vitamins with minerals improve insulin secretion or target cell sensitivity

May need drugs to inhibit glucose fascinated transport in intestines

•Remember that insulin from the pancreas effects ALL cells

•Chronic pathology

–chronic hyperglycemia leads to neuropathy (commonly of the lower extremities), eye changes (vessel problems), kidney problems (vessel problems) and cardiovascular damage from atherosclerosis (local ischemia and systemic high blood pressure)

•What the reason this tissues suffer from hyperglycemia?

•From excess insulin injection or pancreatic islet tumor

•Causes hypoglycemia, weakness and hunger

– triggers secretion of epinephrine, GH and glucagon

•side effects: anxiety, sweating and ­ HR

–uncorrected hyperinsulinism with disorientation, convulsions or unconsciousness

FEMALE: Two Ovaries. They produce hormones:

–hormone created in the last months of pregnancy causes ligaments to relax, especially symphyis pubis,

•frequent cause for lower back pain of pregnancy

MALE: Two Testes. They produces

Name the hormone that promotes:

–Spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics in males

Name the hormones that promote:

–Secondary sex characteristics in females , regulates reproductive cycle, pregnancy, lactation, oogenesis

•_________ hormones can not pass through the membrane so must bind to receptors in the plasma membrane

•___________ hormones penetrate plasma membrane – enter nucleus so no receptor is needed

•Decreased hormone can increase receptors this is called ______________

–This makes the target cells more sensitive to a hormone

•Increased hormone can decrease receptors this is called _________________

–This makes the target cells less sensitive to a hormone

•Possible mechanism of drug addiction

•Two hormones working together have a greater effect then if they worked alone.

–Both estrogen and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) are needed for normal production of eggs by the ovary

•One hormone primes the target organ’s response to a second hormone that is secreted later.

– Ex. Estrogen has a permissive effect on the uterus by up-regulation of progesterone receptors so progesterone will have a great effect on the uterus

•One hormone opposes the action of another

– Insulin promotes glycogen formation, glucagon breaks down glycogen

•Chemical messengers that diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells

–unlike hormones not transported in blood

•Examples and their functions

–histamine from mast cells in connective tissue causes relaxation of blood vessel smooth muscle

Hives