A survey type that is used mainly for the study of horizontal to near-horizontal interfaces where current and potential electrodes maintained at same relative spacing while whole spread is progressively expanded at a fixed point.

A method that measures the spatial variations in Earth's gravitational field strength. The operative physical property is Density

It measures the travel times of reflected or refracted seismic waves using as operative properties the density and elastic moduli, which determine the propagation velocity of seismic waves.

Corrects for the decrease in gravity with height in free air due to increased distance from the center of the Earth.

The magnetic equivalent of latitude correction in gravity surveying, this correction removes the effect of a geomagnetic reference field (regional field) from the data.

Used to determine lateral variations of resistivity where current and potential electrodes maintained at fixed spacing and progressively moved along a profile.

The living evidence of isostasy with the removal of 2.5-km thick ice at the end of the last ice age 10,000 years ago. its current peak uplift rate is 9mm/yr and the remaining uplift is estimated to be about 75-110 km.

Refers to the difference in mass between the body and the mass of country rock that would otherwise fill the space occupied by the body

A type of resistivity array that denotes constant separation between the electrodes and the distance between B and M can be increased to be an integral multiple (n) and (a).

the logging method that measures the bulk apparent conductivity of the formation and pore-fluid surrounds the borehole.

A logging method that measures the resistivity of formation with additional data, true resistivity and can be calculated.

Which of the following are the appropriate survey methods for exploration of metalliferous mineral deposits?

A device for converting electrical energy into acoustic energy. Its pulse is generated by the discharge of a large capacitor bank directly into the sea water through an array of electrodes towed in a frame behind the survey vessels.

A weighted average across n-layers that factors out the differences in travel time spent in layers of differing velocity.

Where does wave reflection or refraction occur?

What happens to wave velocities as they occur deeper in the mantle?

What is the P wave shadow zone?

An equipotential surface which coincides with the mean sea level on imaginary earth in which all masses are uniformly distributed laterally. This earth has the same total mass and size (volume) as the real earth

Waves along interface sends waves back to surface at critical angle. It can arrive before the direct waves- only happens past critical distance

Which of the following would give a positive gravity anomaly?

Measures the time taken for a seismic wave to travel from a source (location known) into the ground where it is reflected back to the surface and detected by a receiver

Which rock, mineral or ore has a resistivity of 100-5000 (ohm.m)?

Which rock, mineral or ore has a resistivity of 500-5000 (ohm.m)?

How could you decrease resistivity?

A meteorite that has predominantly Ni-Fe alloys, minor amounts of other minerals such as troilite (FeS).

This takes place when a minor element enters a crystal preferentially because it has a higher ionic potential than the ions of the major element (e.g., in the formation of feldspar crystals which may capture Ba2+ or Sr2+ in the place of K; as a result, the concentrations of these elements in the residual magma decrease during crystallization of K-feldspar)

An alternative to coupled substitution in which ions are attached on the charged surfaces of small ions; usually displayed by the clay minerals.

Areas representing the range of applied pressure and temperature in which a mineral may exist in its stable form

A part or parts of a system occupying a specific volume and having uniform physical and chemical characteristics which distinguishes it from all other parts of the system.

The point on a phase diagram where a reaction takes place between a previously precipitated phase and the liquid to produce a new solid phase. When this point is reached, the temperature must remain constant until the reaction has run to completion. Also an invariant point.

At which the radioactive nuclide emits an electrons, thereby converting on of its neutron into a proton

Measures the ability of an atom in a compound to attract electrons to itself. Metals have low (X) and noble gasses have a value of 0.Increases from left to right, and from bottom to top of the periodic table.

Elements that are too large and or to highly charged to fit easily into common rock forming minerals that crystallize to form melts. (e.g., Large-ion Lithophile elements (LiL's) and "HFSE's")

Meteorites that is chiefly silicates, mostly ferromagnesian up t 1/4 metalli Ni-Fe types.

The diffusion rates of an element in and out of the crystal are unequal; there will be a net change of composition of each phase with me

Is the locus of temperatures (a curve on a phase diagram) below which a given substance is completely solid.

Occurs when the minor element has the same charge and a similar ionic radius as the major element it is replacing.

These are all a wide range application of X-ray fluorescence, except?

An spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements using the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms in the gaseous state

Is the primary, non-destructive tool for identifying and quantifying the mineralogy of crystalline compounds in rocks, soils and particulates.

These are a very incompatible elements that do not substitute into major silicate phases (Although may replace Ti in titanite or rutile). High concentration of these imply an enriched source or extensive liquid evolution.

This element is commonly incompatible. Strongly partitioned into garnet and amphibole. Titanite and apatite also concentrate it, so the presence of these as accessories could have a significant effect.

This trace element concentrates in pyroxenes and may be used as an indicator of pyroxene fractionation.

Refractory residuum after basalt has been extracted by partial melting

Fertile unaltered mantle

Melting wherein a phase melts to a liquid with a composition different from the solid and produces a solid of different composition to the original solid.

"Volatile elements", H, C, N, noble gases, occur in liquids or gases at temperatures and pressures found on or above the earth's surface

An open system process in which each increment of solid is immediately removed from the system as it forms.

Separates the silica-saturated (sub-alkaline) from the silica undersaturated (alkaline) fields at low pressure.