It is a mode of cell division in which cells that are created contain only one member of each pair of chromosomes.

Division of the nucleus, results in the formation of two daughter cells.

Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules.

Structural framework of the cell.

Made of protein and RNA and sites of protein synthesis.

Contains enzymes that digest unusable material within the cell.

No cell division occurs. The cell carries out metabolic activity and growth.

First part of cell division.

Division of cytoplasm and results in the formation of 2 daughter cells.

Spindle from the centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell.

In the plasm membrane, lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through _____, while the small water soluble molecules diffuse through the _____.

Proteins destined to be secreted or targeted out of the plasma membrane are processed in

At equilibrium, the following is/are true of diffusion:

When is the rate of diffusion higher?

Regarding primary active transport, which of the following is true?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is used for the uptake of

A form of bulk-transport by which a hormone is secreted when the appropriate signal is received by the cell is:

The spike potential determines/measures what physiologic property of the neuron?

voltage-gated Na⁺ channel is most dense at the

Entry of action potential into the muscle fiber is possible through this structure

The three major parts of the cell

Cell death that is genetically programmed is known as

Cell death due to tissue injury

If the concentration of solutes in ECF and ICFs are equal, the cell is a(n) _____ solution.

cytoplasmic division

somatic cell division resulting in the formation of two identical cells

reproductive cell division that reduces the number of chromosome by half

stage of cell division when replication of DNA occurs

stage when chromatin fibers condense and shorten to form chromosomes

stage when centromere split and chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell

stage when centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at the center of the mitotic spindle

stage when chromosomes uncoil and revert to chromatin

Types of Active transport

I. diffusion

II. exocytosis

III. facilitated diffusion

IV. osmosis

Force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

cell shrinkage

when submerged in a hypotonic solution, the cell will

When placed in hypertonic solution, the cell will

genetic disorder that affect the active transport of Cl^- into cells

breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and their by-product

Sequence of nucleotides that provide a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein.

directs protein synthesis

Specialized molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosome

First step in gene expression that happens inside the nucleus.

Sheets that cover the external surface of the body, protect the underlying structure acting as a barrier and nonvascular.

A special surface modification that are motile structures found on certain cells: uterine tubes, uterus, and efferent ducts.

A long non-motile branched microvilli that line the cell surface.

Tight junctions that form a seal that prevents the entrance of material between the cells.

adhering junctions that provide firm adhesion between cells

Provides stability to cells subject to shearing stresses

Epithelium that provides protection against abrasion, bacterial invasion, and dessication.

Epithelium that forms moist and protective layer.

Skin, lips, palm, soles

sweat glands, developing ovarian follicles

substitution of viable cells for dead cells by regeneration or fibrosis

skeletal muscle tissue

cardiac muscle tissue

smooth muscle tissue

Hard connective tissue consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix.

most abundant type of cartilage

fills the spaces that forms the framework of lymphatic tissue: spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver

Semi-fluid gel with high water content which binds, supports, surrounds cells and fibers

Most common cells in connective tissue.

tissue macrophage in the liver

tissue macrophage in the lungs

tissue macrophage in the skin

tissue macrophage in the brain

tissue macrophage in the blood

tissue macrophage in the bone

What type of cell junctions would be required for cells to communicate with one another?

contains single layer of flat cells; found in the body where filtration or diffusion are priority processes

found in the superficial part of the skin; provides protection from heat, microbes, and chemicals

contains cube-shaped cells functioning in secretion and absorption

Lines the upper respiratory tract and uterine tubes

contains cells with microvilli and goblet cells; found in linings of the digestive reproductive, and urinary tracts

found in the urinary bladder; contains cells that can change shape

contains cells that are all attached to the basement membrane, althoutgh some do not reach the surface

A fairly rare type of epithelium that has a mainly protective function

a tissue from which all other connective tissues eventually arise

connective tissues with a clear, liquid matrix that flows in lymphatic vessels

connective tissue consisting of several kinds of cells, containing all three fiber types randomly arranged, and found in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

loose connective tissue specialized for triglyceride storage

tissue that contains reticular fiber and reticular cells and forms the stroma of certain organs such as the spleen

tissue with irregularly arranged collagen fibers found in the dermis of the skin

tissue found in the lungs that is strong and can recoil back to its original shape after being stretched

tissue that affords flexibility at joint and reduces joint friction

strongest among the three types of cartilage

bundles of collagen arranged in parallel patterns; composed tendons and ligaments

tissue that contains network of elastic fibers, providing strength, elasticity, and maintenance of shape; located in the external ear

Origin of keratinocytes

Most common type of skin cancer that begins in stratum basale and extends into the dermis to produce open ulcer.

I. Squamous cell carcinoma can metastasize and cause death.

II. Malignant melanoma metastisizes but can be surgically removed or treated with radiation therapy

Injury to epidermis and upper dermis caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

Yellow skin color, when the liver is damaged by a disease, such as viral hepatitis.

Subcutaneous tissue is composed by what type of tissue

Deficiency of ____ causes fair skin, white hair and unpigmented irises in the eyes.

Hallmark characteristic: presence of 80-nm dense-cored neurosecretory granules.

enzyme needed for melanin synthesis

aggregation of keratin filament to tonofiber, conversion of granular cells into cornified cells

layers of epidermis from outermost to innermost:

Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the surface of the scalp.

Epidermis is composed of what type of tissue?

Increases melanin production

overstretch of the skin

Inserting a long needle at a 90 degree to the skin into a muscle deep to subcutaneous tissue.

prickle cell year, multi-layer of distorted cells

consists of flattened cells with intense basophilic layer when stained.

insulin administration

Injury to epidermis and healing without scarring in about a week.

plates of keratinized cells containing hard keratin

Oily substance and product of holocrine secretion

largest organ of the body

duration of eyelashes resting stage

duration of scalp hair growing stage

layer of the epidermis that contains stem cells undergoing mitosis

which of the following is not a function of the skin?

Aging of the skin can result in _____.

produce protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from light, heat, microbes, and many chemicals

produce a pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light

cell that arise from red bone marrow, migrate to the epidermis, participate in immune responses

cells thought to function in the sensation of touch

located in the dermis, they function in the sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, itching, and tickling

smooth muscle associated with hair follicles

abnormal thickening of the epidermis

release a lipid-rich secretion that functions as a water repellant scalant in the stratum granulosum

pressure-sensitive cells found mostly in the subcutaneous layer

fatty substance that covers and protects the skin of the fetus from the constant exposure to amniotic fluid

prevents evaporation of water from the skin's surface, and inhibits growth of certain bacteria

deep region of the dermis composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue

composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

contains areolar and adipose tissue and attaches the skin to the underlying tissues

superficial region of the dermis; composed of areolar connective tissue

A genetic condition which results from the inability to maintain and form elastic fibers

external tissue membrane

accumulation of dead neutrophils, cells, and fluid

seals the wound and help prevent friction

reduces the size of wound and speeds healing

Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles. The cell begins to elongate.