The study of the nose, ears and throat is called

Cartilage stuck to the nasal bones creating a wind tunnel with two holes called the external nares or nostrils

Functions of the nose

"–FOR Men and Women"

•Where does the nasal bone end in the nose?

–called the Adam’s apple

–wedged shaped made of hyaline cartilage, pointing anterior

–larger in males but females have one also

–lies superior to the thyroid gland

–a ring made of hyaline cartilage

_______ -a small tongue-like structure, when we swallow the epiglottis closes so that food will go into the esophagus and not into our _______

Label 1.

•The larynx forms two pairs of folds: superior called the vestibular folds or 1. _______

–play greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway

•An inferior pair of folds called  2. _______

•Air passes by the vocal cords causing them to vibrate and producing voice

Label 2.

•The larynx forms two pairs of folds: superior called the vestibular folds or 1. _______

–play greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway

•An inferior pair of folds called  2. _______

•Air passes by the vocal cords causing them to vibrate and producing voice

•Trachea also known as the _____

•Trachea- Windpipe

•Anterior to esophagus, goes from C6-T5, at T5 it divides into _________

•composed of hyaline cartilage, in the shape of a “C”

•The “C” opens posterior  to allow the esophagus to expand while swallowing

Histology of most of the respiratory system is

•space between parietal and visceral pleura

•Contains small amount of lubricating fluid

•Inflammation of the pleural membranes

•Initially _____ can cause pain due to friction between the two membranes

•Pleurisy- Inflammation of the pleural membranes

•Initially pleurisy can cause pain due to friction between the two membranes

•If the inflammation persists then fluid may increase causing _______, pain leaves

•The two parts of the pleural membrane do not totally cover the lung.

–Which pleural layer does not entirely cover the lung?

LABEL 1. 

Muscles Involved in Breathing

•INSPIRATION:

•1. ______ (dome shaped)- primary muscle, contracts

•2. ______–fixes ribs

•3.______ (Note: External helps you Inhale) – elevate ribs

•Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles

•4._____- seen in respiratory compromise

LABEL 2. 

Muscles Involved in Breathing

•INSPIRATION:

•1. ______ (dome shaped)- primary muscle, contracts

•2. ______–fixes ribs

•3.______ (Note: External helps you Inhale) – elevate ribs

•Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles

•4._____- seen in respiratory compromise

LABEL 3. 

Muscles Involved in Breathing

•INSPIRATION:

•1. ______ (dome shaped)- primary muscle, contracts

•2. ______–fixes ribs

•3.______ (Note: External helps you Inhale) – elevate ribs

•Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles

•4._____- seen in respiratory compromise

LABEL 4. 

Muscles Involved in Breathing

•INSPIRATION:

•1. ______ (dome shaped)- primary muscle, contracts

•2. ______–fixes ribs

•3.______ (Note: External helps you Inhale) – elevate ribs

•Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles

•4._____- seen in respiratory compromise

 Muscles Involved in Breathing

•EXPIRATION: Diaphragm relaxes

•1.______ muscles (Note: Internal helps you exhale) –depress the ribs

Contract abdominal muscles

volume of one normal breath

– Maximum volume that can be inspired over the inspiration of a tidal volume/normal breath. Used during exercise/exertion. IRV represents Inspiration above Tidal volume.

–Maximal volume that can be expired after the expiration of a tidal volume/normal breath. ERV represents Expiration above Tidal volume.

– Volume that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration. Non-functional air.

–CANNOT be measured by spirometry. Tends to increase with lung disease.

•is the maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs (TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV).

is the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling (VC = TV + IRV + ERV). Volume of maximal inspiration and expiration.

Factors Affecting the Gas Exchange

•This changes the blood's pH. A decrease in pH shifts the standard curve to the right, while an increase in pH shifts it to the left.

–Effects of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide affects the curve by it’s influence on intracellular pH causing the blood to be more acidic and shifting the curve to the right.

Factors Affecting the Gas Exchange

•Hyperthermia (exercise, fever) causes a rightward shift, hypothermia causes a leftward shift.

Factors Affecting the Gas Exchange

•The presence of carbon monoxide can interfere with the hemoglobin's acquisition of oxygen and so shifts the curve to the left.

Factors Affecting the Gas Exchange

The effects of exercise can effect the curve as well by shifting it to the right due partially to increased body temperature.

•Marked by airway hypersensitivity, inflammation and obstruction

•Symptoms of difficult breathing, wheezing, anxiety

•Alveoli destruction, barrel chest, too much air in the lungs prevents gas exchange

Called Pink Puffer: remember- emPhysema has the letter P so Pink Puffer

•Excess mucus and cough

•Symptoms of cyanosis and shortness of breath

•Called Blue Bloater: remember- chronic Bronchitis has letter B so Blue Bloater

•(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) 4th leading cause of death, Increased airway resistance with recurrent obstruction- smokers.

•Can happen from three  acute diseases that become chronic : Chronic bronchitis, Asthma and Emphysema.

•Acute inflammation of alveoli, 4 million deaths per year, bacterial infection that usually follows a viral infection

Called “consumption” in the old days, caused creation of sanitariums, creates lesions called tubercles in lungs of bacteria

oxygen starvation (in carbon monoxide poisoning)

inhaling other stuff than air

labored or painful breathing

crackles heard on inhalation; associated with inflammation, new term = crackles

•gases exchanged between blood and tissues