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WorksheetsPhysics review
Total questions: 161
Worksheet time: 1hrs 21mins
A device that is employed for the detection and measurement exposure from x-ray radiation is called
dosimeter
kerma scale
radiometer
gamma camera
A fetus is most radiosensitive during ___ post conception
1 day
1 hour
8 to 15 weeks
1 to 5 weeks
A filament may break due to
vaporization
evaporization
deposition
ablation
A photoelectron
typically travels 1-2 mm in soft tissue
is matter and possesses energy
is capable of creating biological changes
all of the above
All filtration can be expressed in terms of the thickness of _____ equivalency
molybdenum
copper
beryllium
aluminum
All of the following are considered man-made sources of radiation exposure EXCEPT
traveling cross country in a commercial aircraft
radiopharmaceuticals
radon gas exposure in new home construction
occupational exposure of medical imaging personnel
All of the following are desired features of radiographic tables EXCEPT
floating abrasion surface to lessen patient slippage as the transfer
carbon fiber material to reduce absorption of x-ray energy
low abrasion surface to lessen patient slippage as the transfer
variable height to improve patient safety.
All of the following are radiographer-operated controls EXCEPT
associated wiring
focusing cup
stator
filament
All of the following are radiographer-operated controls EXCEPT
kVp selection
rotor speed
mA selection
timer selection
All of the following are true of coherent scattering EXCEPT
there are two types of coherent interactions possible
interactions may involve a single or multiple electrons in the atom
the net result is a low-level ionization that is harmless
coherent scattering generally occurs with photon energies of 10 keV or lower
All of the following are x-ray tube support systems EXCEPT
C-arm
fluoroscopic tower
overhead suspension
floor-to-ceiling
All of the following would be classified as field survey devices EXCEPT
Geiger-Mueller counter
film badge
scintillation detector
ionization chamber instrument
All of the following would be effective structural protective barrier materials EXCEPT
12-inch-thick solid concrete
lead-lined drywall
carbon-fiber
lead-impregnated acrylic polymer
All of the following would be recorded on a radiation dosimetry report EXCEPT
control badge exposure
radiation quality
lifetime equivalent dose
body mass index (BMI)
Alpha particles
are emitted from the nuclei of heavy elements
have a positive charge
have greater mass than other particulate radiations
all of the above
As a professional radiographer, the practice of ALARA requires you to
decrease x-ray beam filtration
restrict the x-ray beam to the clinical area of interest
use the largest receptor possible in order to get a higher-quality image
employ high ratio grids
As the electron shells move farther from the nucleus, total electron energies ____ and binding energies ____
decrease, increase
increase, increase
increase, decrease
decrease, decrease
At the end of the characteristic cascade, the _____ shell is missing an electron
outermost
k
innermost
characteristic
At what point in the x-ray circuit is the rectification circuit located?
between the step-down transformer and the rheostat
between the thermionic diode tubes and the x-ray machines
between the step-up transformer and the x-ray tube
between the semiconductors and the valve tubes
Automatic exposure control (AEC) technology determines
patient thickness
mA
kVp
exposure time
Beam filtration affects patient dose by
increasing entrance skin dose (ESE)
removing low-energy photons
removing high-energy photons
increasing beam heterogeneity
Beta particles
can travel 10 to 100 cm in the air
exist in shells around the nucleus
are heavy particles
are positively charged
Biological effects of ionizing radiation include all of the following EXCEPT
bacterial infections
cancer
cataract formation
developmental abnormalities
Bremsstrahlung interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with
the force field around the nucleus
the nuclear force within the nucleus
an inner-shell electron
an outer-shell electron
By design, primary barriers are able to intercept and absorb
primary radiation
the useful beam
all of the above
secondary radiation
Characteristics interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with
an inner-shell electron
the band gap of the atom's valence band
the force field of the nucleus
an inner-shell electron
Compton scattering occurs when an incident x-ray photon interacts with an ___ electron
outer shell electron with low binding energy and high kinetic energy
outer shell electron with low binding energy and high kinetic energy
inner-shell electron with high binding energy and high kinetic energy
inner shell electron with low binding energy and low kinetic energy
Cracking of the anode typically occurs
when cold anode is hit with a high kVp exposure
when the cathode cup touches the anode, causing a short
with extended us
when the anode is off-focus
Deterministic effects of ionizing radiation include all of the following EXCEPT
cataracts
skin erythema
cancer
sterility
Dose limits have been established for
certain tissues
specific organs
the whole body
all of the above
During Compton scattering, the incident photon energy is divided between the
incident photon and the scatter photon
incident photon and the scattered photon
recoil electron and the photoelectron
recoil electron and the scattered photon
During a characteristic interaction, the dropping of a higher-energy state electron into a lower-energy state "hole" results in the emission of
a low-energy electron
a high-energy electron
a photon of electromagnetic energy
thermal energy
During a characteristic interaction, the kinetic energy of the incident electron must be _____ of the electron it knocks from its orbit
less than that
characteristic
greater than that
proportional to that
During coherent scattering, the scattered photon possesses ____ as the incident photon
the same energy, the same frequency, and the same wavelength
the same energy, the same frequency, and a different wavelength
a different energy, the same frequency, and the same wavelength
the same energy, a different frequency, and the same wavelength
During fluoroscopic studies, the primary source of exposure to the radiographer is due to
Compton scattering
pair-production interactions
recoil electrons
the photoelectric effect
During photoelectric absorption, a/an ____ shell electron is ejected
outer
all of the above
middle
inner
During photelectric absorption, the ejected electron is called a/an
photoelectron
incident electron
characteristic electron
recoil electron
During the photoelectric interaction as an electron transfers from an outer shell to a vacant inner shell, energy is released in the form of
a primary radiation
an incident electron
Bremsstrahlung photon
a characteristic photon
During the process of attenuation, the x-ray photon may interact with
the nucleus
lose energy
produce ionizations
all of the above
During the process of attenuation, x-ray photons in the beam
reduce in number
lose energy
produce ionizations
all of the above
During x-ray production, almost all of the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is converted to
a bremsstrahlung photon
a characteristic x-ray photon
light
heat
Electromagnetic radiations are characterized as
energy disturbances traveling through space, with no mass or charge
all of the above
low-frequency energies with negligible mass
particulate energy disturbances
Electrons and beta particles are essentially identical in terms of charge and mass. The distinction between them is due to their respective
ability to ionize matter
half-lives
origins
physical size
Electrons traveling from the cathode filament to the anode are called
incident electrons
primary electrons
secondary electrons
scatter electrons
Factors that influence the effect of exposure to ionizing radiation include
the type of radiation
the total dose received
cell sensitivity
all of the above
Filtration is the process of eliminating undesirable _____ by the insertion of absorbing materials into the primary beam
high-energy x-ray photons
low-energy incident electrons
low-energy x-ray photons
high-energy x-ray photons
Filtration permits the radiographer to ____ the photon emission spectrum into a more useful beam
increase
lower
widen
narrow
For fluoroscopic procedures with a kVp of 100 or more, the protective apron must posses a minimum of ____ lead equivalent
1.0 mm
5.0 m
0.5 mm
0.05 mm
High-frequency generators
achieve peak kVp faster than single-or three-phase generators
produces similar output to three-phase with a single-phase source
use invertors to increase pulse frequency
all of the above
If a photon interacts with matter and scatters, the photon
no longer exists
exist with less energy
is totally absorbed
exists with greater energy
If the distance between the individual and the source of radiation is doubled, the exposure to the individual will be reduced by a factor of
4
2
12
3
If the half-value layer of diagnostic radiographic equipment is too low, it may be corrected by
increasing the mAs
decreasing the kVp
increasing the primary beam filtration
decreasing the primary beam filtration
in air, alpha particles can travel
5 m
less than 1 mm
5 cm
5 km
In diagnostic radiology, radiographic image contrast is principally due to the predominance of
Bremsstrahlung interactions
photoelectric interactions
photodisintegration interactions
Compton interactions
In general, low-energy x-ray photons
improve image quality by affecting contrast
are absorbed by the image receptor
are absorbed by the patient
penetrate the patient and detector
In the x-ray circuit, kVp control is found between the
incoming line and the step-down transformer
autotransformer and the timer circuit
exposure switch ad the step-up transformer
incoming line and the exposure switch
In the x-ray circuit, the mA control is found between the
incoming line and the exposure switch
autotransformer and the timer circuit
exposure switch and the step-up transformer
incoming line and the step-down transformer
In the x-ray circuit, the timing control is found between the
autotransformer and the timer circuit
incoming line and the step-down transformer
incoming line and the exposure switch
exposure switch and the step-up transformer
Insulation of the high-voltage components of the tube and absorption of the head produced by x-ray production are achieved through the use of
a stator
a vacuum
a small fan
dielectric oil
Ionization chambers work on the principle that when radiation interacts with the electrons in air, ____ are produced
scatter photons
light scintillations
low-energy x-ray photons
ion pairs
Ionizing radiations are classified as
particulate and electromagnetic
sub-nuclear and intra-nuclear
only non-particulate
positive and negative
Leakage radiation from the lead-lined housing must not exceed
10 mR/hr measured at 40 inches
100 mR/hr measured at 1 meter
100 mR/min measured at the underside of the collimator
10 mR/min measured at the tube head
Melting of the anode commonly occurs
when the unit is not warmed up properly
with extended use
when the stator fails and the rotor ceases to turn
when the kilovoltage is too high
Most of the inherent filtration of a typical x-ray equipment comes from the
plexiglass collimator shadow plate
dielectric oil
collimator mirror
window of the glass envelope
Nearly all types of x-ray equipment operate from an incoming line of
210 AC
120 AC
120 HZ
210 V
One joule of energy absorbed in each kilogram of absorbing material defines the
sievert
gray
becquerel
kerma
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters
are precise with low-level exposures
provide an immediate readout to the user
use a chip of LiF as the detector material
are not commonly employed with routine use
Personnel monitoring devices include all of the following except the ____ dosimeter
film badge
OSL
scintillation
thermoluminescent
Present-day AEC technology utilized
minimum reaction times as short as 1 ms.
ionization chamber technology
a pre-detector AEC chamber position
All of the above
Proper x-ray beam collimation does all of the following except
reduce patient dose
reduce scatter radiation
improve radiographic image quality
eliminate the need for gonadal shielding
Protective aprons and gloves are usually made of lead-impregnated vinyl within the range of _____ equivalency
0.25-1.0 mm
0.25-1.0 cm
0.1-0.25 cm
0.1-0.25 cm
Protective devices include all of the following except
lead glasses
lead aprons
lead gloves
compensating bolus material
A neutral atom has the same number of ______ and electrons
neutrinos
quarks
neutrons
protons
A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-defined orbits is the _____ model of the atom
Dalton
Thomson
Rutherford
Bohr
Aluminum has an atomic number of 13. How many protons does it have
none of the options
27
26
13
An atom in a normal state has an electrical chare of _____
one
zero
negative
positive
An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a(n)
molecule
isomer
isotope
ion
The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter
n
x
a
z
The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their _____
isotope
shells
atomic mass units
atomic numbers
The chemical element is determined by the number of ______ in the atom
electrons
protons
nucleons
nuetrons
The innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter ____
K
L
M
J
The smallest particle that has all of the properties of an element is a(n)
atom
proton
electron
neutron
The term "atom" was first used by the ____
Greeks
Roman
Ethiopians
British
What are the fundamental particles of an atom
proton, electron, quark
quark, positron, negatron
nucleon, electron, neutron
proton, electron, neutron
When an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons, it is called an _____
isotope
isomer
isobar
isotone
When atoms of various elements combine, they form ____
molecules
isotopes
ions
compounds
Radiation exposure limits applicable to the protection of radiation workers are known as ___ limits
dose
ALARA
safety
stochastic
Radiographic rooms equipped with a tilting table are primarily designed for performing ___ procedures
extremity
C-arm
surgical x-ray
fluoroscopic
Radiographing a thin body part, using automatic exposure control (AEC)
is recommended in order to reduce dose
requires higher kVp values in order to reduce motion
may produce inconsistent images due to AEC timer errors
required a longer minimum reaction time
Secondary barriers are intended to intercept
scatter radiation from patient (A)
leakage radiation from the x-ray tube (B)
the primary beam that exits the patient as remnant radiation
both a and b
Somatic effects of irradiation may become evident
in the first offspring of the exposed individual
in the exposed individual
in the exposed individual's grandchildren
in any future generation of offspring
Special gonadal shields should be employed any time the gonads are
within 1 mm of the primary beam
being radiographed
within 5 cm of the primary beam
directly in the primary beam
The K shell can hold a maximum of __ electrons
8
1
6
2
The NCRP recommends a minimum total filtration of ____ for x-ray equipment operating above 70 kVp
1.0 mm AI/Eq
2.5 mm AI/Eq
2.0 mm Pb/Eq
1.0 mm PB/Eq
The actual focal spot is controlled by the
thickness of the anode disc
anode rotation speed
angle of the cathode focusing cup
length of the filament
The amount of material that will reduce the intensity of the primary beam to one-half its original value is termed the
radioactive half-lives
half-value layer
reciprocity law
K-edge dependency
The annual effective dose limit for a 24-year-old radiographer to ionizing radiation is _____
5 rem
both a and c
24 rem
50 mSv
The annual effective dose limit for an individual in the general public for infrequent exposure to ionizing radiation is ___ rem
0.5
0.1
5
1
The area of the focal spot that is projected out of the tube toward the object being radiographed is the
line focus
thermionic stream
actual focal spot
effective focal spot
The rules of radiation protection are
Time, distance, shielding
time, distance, quality factor
shielding, thickness, use factor
time, source, shielding
The cathode focusing cup has a/an ____ charge
isomeric
neutral
negative
postive
The collimator device is considered a part of the ____ filtration
compensation
inherent
primary
added
The build-up of tungsten deposits on the inside of an aged x-ray tube adds to the
inherent filtration
radiation filtration
added filtration
mR/mAs
The concept of ALARA
permits the radiographer to alter physician orders in order to lessen dose
allows x-ray exposure under all circumstances
necessarily requires a benefit vs risk assessment by the ordering physician
shifts the responsibility for exposure reduction to the ordering physician
The cumulative effective dose limit for an occupational exposure to ionizing radiation is _____ mrem.
5,000
none of the above
500
50
The exact point on the anode where the x-ray beam emanates is the
rotor
anode heel
focusing cup
focal spot
The exposure switch is found between the
autotransformer and the timer circuit
exposure switch and the step-up transformer
incoming line and the circuit breaker
incoming line and the step-down transformer
The exposure switch on an x-ray machine is intended to
both initiate and terminate the exposure
rotate the anode up to speed
terminate the exposure
initiate the exposure
The function of the cathode is to produce
an electrical connection to the rectifier
a focal point
a thermionic cloud
a grounding effect
The function of the stator and rotor assembly is to
disrupt the electromagnets of the induction motor
insulate the anode
change the anode angle
rotate the anode
The half-value layer is typically expressed in
Kerma
Al/Eq
Pb/Eq
Gray (Gy)
The lenses of the eyes will receive the greatest dose during which one of the following procedures?
AP Skull
PA Skull
lateral skull
lens exposure is equal regardless of projection
The most common diagnostic radiography x-ray tube target angle is ______ degrees
24
54
12
45
The most common diagnostic x-ray beam filter material is
copper
thoraeum
tin
aluminum
The only portion of the anode assembly placed outside the vacuum of the glass envelope is the
stator
molybdenum neck
rotor
anode stem
The photon that exits the atom after a Compton scattering interaction is called the Compton
recoil photon
secondary photon
scattered photon
characteristic photon
The physical area of a rotating anode focal track, affected by the cathode electron beam, is the
projected focal track
effective focal spot
actual focal spot
effective focal track
The protective housing controls leakage and scatter radiation through
absorption
vaporization
condensation
evaporation
The radiation weighting factor for x-ray or gamma radiation is
2
1
20
10
The sum of the weighted equivalent doses for all irradiated tissue and organs is the
quality factor
integral dose
effective dose
equivalent dose
The transfer of the incident electrons' kinetic energy to the outer-shell electrons, causing vibration of the outer-shell, results in the emission of
infrared radiation
electricity
ultraviolet radiation
light
The types of target interaction that occur in the production of x-ray photons in the diagnostic range are dependent upon the
nuclear binding energy
band gap of the valence electrons
incident electron potential energy
incident electron kinetic energy
The unit of radiation absorbed energy or dose is
defined as the amount of radiation needed to deposit 100 ergs of energy in one gram of matter
used for all absorbing media
all of the above
expressed as grays (Gy)
The use of a radiographic grid when performing a femur radiograph will result in
a small decrease in patient dose
an increase in patient dose
a large decrease in patient dose
no change to patient dose
To increase the thermal loading capacity of the anode, x-ray tube manufacturers
bond graphite to the back of the anode
use an anode alloy of tungsten and copper
use a thicker cathode filament
decrease the anode angle
To protect the radiographer from electrical shock during x-ray procedures
release of the switch initiates the exposure sequence
operator controls are on high-voltage side of the cricuit
the operator stands on a grounded rubber mat
the mA and kVp selections are on the low-voltage side of the circuit
To reduce an individual's exposure to ionizing radiation, all of the following would be acceptable EXCEPT
to increase the distance between the individual and the radiation source
to reduce the amount of time spent in the vicinity of the radiation source
standing behind a lead barrier during exposure
to wear the radiation dosimeter at the collar
Total beam filtration is equal to the sum of ____ filtration
inherent and added
inherent and compensating
added and compensating
compound and compensating
Tungsten is the anode material of choice for x-ray production because of its
ability of liberating electrons as secondary x-ray sources
excellent k-edge value for x-ray production
ability to expand with high speed rotation G-forces
creation of off-focal radiation
Tungsten is the material of choice for the source of x-ray photons primarily because of its
high atomic number
G-force tolerance
low melting point
low mass number
What is the cumulative dose limit for a 36-year old radiation worker
3.6 mrem
36 mSv
360 mSv
360 mrem
What is the cumulative effective dose limit for a 45-year old radiographer who has been in the profession working full time for 15 years
4.5 Sv
450 mSv
150 mSv
15 mSv
What percentage of target interaction results in the production of x-ray photons
100 percent
50 percent
99 percent
1 percent
What term describes filtration that is part of the x-ray tube, the tube housing, and the collimation device
compensation
added
total
inherent
When a single personnel monitoring device is worn, it should be worn at the
collar level outside the lead apron
collar level under a thyroid collar
wrist level to get a measure of bone exposure
waist level under the lead apron
When an electron from an outer shell fills a vacancy in an inner shell
the electron increases its mass
the total energy of the electron increases
all of the above
a photon is released
When an x-ray photon passes through matter, it undergoes a process called
filtration
induction
attenuation
resonance
When an x-ray photon with a slightly greater than the binding energy of the inner-shell electron interacts with that inner-shell electron, the following interaction results
Compton scattering
photoelectric absorption
characteristic radiation
coherent scattering
When compared to batter-powered portable radiographic units, capacitor discharge mobile units
produce more consistent exposures
never need an external electrical source for charging
produce an average kVp energy higher than battery units
have a tendency to produce leakage exposure after exposure termination
When compared to single-phase electrical current, three-phase power
produces 360 pulses per second
all of the above
produces less voltage ripple
permits shorter exposure
When comparing the x-ray emission spectrum between beams produced at 70 kVp and 110 kVp
the 70 kVp beam would demonstrate less brems and a higher characteristic spike
the 70 kVp beam would demonstrate an equal amount of brems and characteristic radiation
the 110 kVp beam would demonstrate more brems and a higher characteristic spike
the 110 kVp beam would demonstrate less brems and a higher characteristic spike
When comparing x-rays and gamma rays, a key distinction is in the
velocity of the emission
mass of the emission
origin of the emission
size of the particulate emission
When filtration is ____, technical factors must be ____ to maintain the same density
increase, decrease
decreased, decreased
decreased, increased
increased, increased
When no threshold dose for radiation exists, the effect is known as
nonstochastic
both b and c
stochastic
deterministic
When the x-ray emission spectra between single- and three-phase generators are
less exposure would be required for the same part thickness, using single phase
three-phase beams would have a higher average energy
single-phase beams would be more intense
the keV of the characteristic spike would be significantly less with the single-phase generator
When x-ray photons interact with the matter and change direction, the process is called
resonance
extrapolation
absorption
scatter
Where is the stator of the anode induction motor located
inside the glass envelope but outside the rotor
outside the glass envelope but inside the rotor
outside the glass envelope and outside the rotor
inside the glass envelope and inside the rotor
Which atomic shell possesses the highest binding energy
L
K
all atomic shells possess the same binding energy
M
Which energy- level electrons possess the highest total energy
N
M
K
L
Which instrument detects the presence of radiation rather than measuring it
thermolminescent dosimeter
Geiger-Mueller counter
scintillation detector
ionization chamber instrument
Which of the following are considered filter media as the beam traverses toward the patient
glass
dielectric oil
aluminum
all of the above
Which of the following filtrations would result in the lowest entrance skin exposure to the patient
0.5 AI/Eq
1.0 AI/Eq
1.0 Pb/Eq
0.5 Pb/Eq
Which of the following technical factors are chosen to minimize patient dose
low kVp/low mAs
high kVp/high mAs
high kVp/low mAs
low kVp/high mAs
Which one of the following agencies is a regulatory agency responsible for protecting both the public and occupationally exposed individuals from the effects of ionizing radiation
ICRP
NCRP
ASRT
NRC
Which one of the following compensating filters is used most commonly in the radiography of femur
trough
Thoraeus
K-edge
wedge
Which one of these statements is true
a Thoraeus filter is recommended for radiography of very thick body parts
the thickest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the densest part of the patient
The thinnest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the less dense part of the patient
The thickest portion of the wedge filter is placed over the less dense part of the patient
Which tube suspension system offers the greatest multidirectional movement
floor tube suspension system
mobile tube suspension system
overhead tube suspension system
floor-to-ceiling tube suspension system
With modern x-ray systems, the incoming line current is supplied
as a direct current
at approximately 60 volts
in the form of a single-phase power cycle
in the form of a three-phase power cycle
X-ray interaction with matter involves the transfer of energy from the
photon to matter
incident electron to photon
matter to photon
incident electron to matter
X-ray photon production occurs at the
cathode
filament
anode
stator windings
X-rays are characterized as
charged particles
electromagnetic waves with high frequencies
electromagnetic waves of short wavelength
both b and c
