what are the three planes of the brain?

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is the vertical cut segmenting the brain into left and right portions.

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is the vertical cut perpendicular to the sagittal section. It divides the brain into front (rostral) and back (caudal).

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is perpendicular to the coronal and sagittal planes. It divides the brain into upper and lower halves.

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name this cut

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name this cut

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name this cut

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: neuronal bodies and dendrites (aka neuron)

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: neuronal axons (myelinated fibers)

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The three primary planes of the brain are (a) (a vertical cut dividing the brain into rostral/anterior and caudal/posterior portions), (b) (a vertical cut showing the left or right portion), and (c) a plane dividing the brain into upper and lower halves

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provide one reason of studying neuroscience as a speech language pathologist.

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the CNS (central nervous system) is composed of the and the .

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the PNS (peripheral nervous system) is composed of the and the .

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motor =

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sensory =

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The spatial distribution of cell bodies in the cortex or the cellular organization (histological structure) of the cortex is called : Brodmann classified the cortical regions into 52 areas based on this cellular arrangement or distribution.

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what are the four primary lobes of the brain ?

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Identify the lobes of the brain the following structures belong to: (a) Postcentral gyrus (b) Broca's area

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marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobe. It separated the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) from the primary sensory cortex (aka Sylvian Fissure)

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anteriorly marks the boundary between the frontal and the temporal lobes; posteriorly marks the boundary between the temporal and parietal lobes.

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Parieto-occipital sulcus separates the lobes from the lobe.

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Preoccipital notch separates the lobe from the lobe.

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what is homunculus ?

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what are the three types of fibers?

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fibers course horizontally. interconnect corresponding structures across hemispheres (inter hemisphere connections). Ex: corpus callosum (in mid-sagittal cut, a C shape that clenches the right and left hemispheres together).

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fibers are the most numerous of the three types of white matter fibers. Intra hemispheric connections. Ex: arcuate fasciculus (fibers connecting two important areas, Broca's and Wernicke's areas).

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fibers carry information between cortex and brainstem/spinal cord/ Not about inter or intra. ex: Corona Radiata (big projection, "radiant crown") converge to internal capsule.

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elements of a neuron

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is composed of the nucleus (command center) and cytoplasm (aqueous substance within cell membrane).

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cytoplasmic extension from the cell body. Afferent (sensory) receptive of signals. Signals move toward the cell body.

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are single cytoplasmic extension from cell body, thinner and longer than dendrites. Most are covered in myelin sheath. Efferent (motor) (sending out. Transmits information away from the cell body.

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is the initial segment.

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: release neurotransmitter from end of axon to the surface of nearby neurons' dendrites accross the synaptic cleft.

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includes the knob/button/bouton, synaptic cleft, receptive site of connecting cell.

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what are the two primary types of cells ?

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Excitatory and inhibitory impulses sent by .

support, protect, and repair.

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what are the four types of glial cells in the CNS?

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what is the one type of glial cell in the PNS?

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fill interneuronal space in CNS. Aid in neuronal recovery by sealing cavity (following damage/injury) and forming a cyst (in large areas) or filling the space with a glial scar.

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myelinate neurons in CNS. One can myelinate several axons. Insulates and speeds up actual potential conduction.

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small cells with smallest percentage pf glia population in CNS. Activate when antigens are present in CNS. Travel to site of neuronal insult/injury and phagocytose cellular debris leaving a cavity.

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cells form inner surface of ventricle. Contribute to the composition of choroid plexus ( which is involved in cerebrospinal fluid).

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only support cell in PNS. Performs the same functions as glial cells in the CNS. Produces myelin, aids in neural recovery, structural support ( surrounds myelinated and unmyelinated neurons in PNS to separate from extracellular environment).

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: propagation of signal through depolarization at each node of Ranvier.

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fibrous connective tissue covering for axons. Holds together peripheral nerve fibers and surrounds nerves individually. May facilitate neural recover in PNS. Not in CNS.

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primary neurotransmitter in PNS. In PNS: controls voluntary movement of spinal and cranial nerves (myasthenia gravis - deficient ACH at neuromuscular junction). In CNS: forebrain and reticular formation (Alzheimer's disease).

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no enough leads to Parkinsonds, too much leads to Schizophrenia.

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a primary neurotransmitter in PNS: fight or flight. in CNS: in pons & medulla - paradoxical sleep, random eye movement, attention.

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in CNS and PNS. Levels vary with sleep/wake cycle - associated with arousal, contributes to pain-control system, associated with depression

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excitatory NT in CNS and mediates fast synaptic transmission

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major transmitter for CNS, inhibitory, implicated in Huntington's disease/ chorea.

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What two ions play a role in action potential?

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Neuron at rest, where are the two major ions (inside and outside of the membrane)?

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Order of action potential: polarization, , ,

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the action potential is a transient change is the resting membrane potential from - 70mV to =30mV, then back to -70mV. This change is caused by the opening of first then voltage-gated channels.

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As the axon hillock depolarizes, Voltage gated Na+ channels open and Na+moves of the cell causing further .

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The fastest conduction of an action potential would occur in an axon with which of the following characteristics (mall/large) diameter and (myelinated/unmyelinated).

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at rest, there is a greater concentration of inside of the axon.

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neural tube fails to close during the first few weeks of embryonic development. cerebral hemisphere and cerebellum are congenitally missing, reduced, or attached to the base of the skull.

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neural tube fails to close completely and remain an open channels. bones of the spine (vertebrae) dont close over the spinal cord

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ventricles enlarge because expressive production of CSF and/or obstruction of CSF drainage pathways

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brain, skull (calvaria), face are small

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incomplete development of midline neural structures

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sulci and gyri do not develop and brain appears smooth

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ascending tracts in the spinal cord (e.g. spinothalamis tract) carries (SENSORY/MOTOR) information whereas descending tracts (e.g. corticospinal tract) (SENSORY/MOTOR) information.

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what are the 4 types of CNS protective mechanisms

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outermost membrane, tough, thick, fibrous

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location of many blood vessels, spider like structure

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thin membranous lining

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clear fluid, helps with the removal of the products of neuronal metabolism. acts as a protective cushion around the brain and spinal cord. circulates from ventricles to subarachnoid space (lateral - third - fourth - SAS)

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a layer of specialized endothelial cells. restricts substances from diffusing out of the CNS capillaries from bloodstream to brain tissue. regulates what gets into CNS extracellular space

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5 regions of spinal nerves

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Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal Tract and Spinothalamic tract

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Corticospinal tract and Corticobulbar tract

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3 white matter tracts

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dorsaal column =

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lateral column =

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ventral column =

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4 motor units

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coordinates and regulates motor output - modifications system - NOT an initiation system

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Sensory neuron in periphery -> Interneuron (Relay neuron) in the spinal cord -> Motor neuron in periphery

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All ascending and descending longitudinal fiber tracts pass through the brainstem. Contains , ,

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composes most of the brainstem but functionally interconnected with thalamus and spinal cord. Important for cortical arousal, pain processing, vital life functions independent of cortical input

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essential to human survival, involved in regulation of cardiac and respiratory function, consciousness, alertness, eating (swallowing) and the sleep cycle. Continuous with the spinal cord. Location of 4th ventricle. Contains nuclei of cranial nerves III ~ XII located in the brainstem

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what are the different directional orientations of the brain ?

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